Domestic Violence and Spousal Abuse - 2094 Words

â€Å"When things were good, they were so good. Like I said, I was always secure with him. He might try to hit me and he might try to kill me, but nobody else was going to do it. Nobody else was going to talk bad to me or hurt me or talk bad about me. That just was not going to happen. I was secure in that sense with him. He was going to protect me from everybody else. Candy twenty-something white woman, North Carolina† (Hattery, 2009). This quote is taken from a woman who was abused by her husband, which is known as intimate partner violence. It is also known as spousal abuse or domestic violence. Intimate partner abuse/violence is when a person in a relationship, whether married, sexually intimate, or cohabiting, and is being abused or†¦show more content†¦This study included one hundred and sixty-eight children and adolescents ages between 4 and 17 all of which mothers had been exposed to intimate partner violence. As a society IPV is usually perpetrated in front o f children most of the time and it creates more problems without the parents’ knowledge that the children are being affected. So the most important point that society can do as a whole it to intervene, when parents begin to fight in front of children is to call the police. The battering of women or men in front of children makes no sense, because of the effects that come with witnessing a parent being battered such as stuttering, anxiety and fears, sleep disruption, and excessive crying. The results showed that greater numbers of PM subtypes suffered by children, the greater the adverse effects in psychopathology and functioning were. When a child suffers four PM subtypes, the number of DSM disorders is on average twice as high compared with children who are suffering from only one PM subtype† (Ariadna de la Vega, 2013). With these results it is the mother’s responsibility to keep children safe and out of harm’s way, because IPV can cause such disorders, especially mothers who are pregnant and are contently being abused, therefore one must bring attention to this matter. As a member of society the effects that can happen to a woman while pregnantShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : Spousal Abuse1564 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic Violence: Spousal Abuse Suleman Masood California State University, Fresno â€Æ' Domestic violence in a relationship (specifically spousal abuse) has continuously been a perplex issue in a functional society that has been deliberately overlooked and often ignored in a society. According to Criminology: Theory, Research and Policy, intimate partner abuse (spousal abuse) is defined as â€Å"abuse that occurs between current or former heterosexual or homosexual intimates. It includes physical,Read MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Relationships901 Words   |  4 PagesDOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2 Domestic Violence Nearly 1 in 10 women in the United States experience domestic violence within their homes; but the question is not how can we stop it, but why does it happen? Finding out the what causes spousal violence, will likely lead us to the answer of how to prevent it from happening. In using latent class analysis and logistic regression techniques we can find the distinct patterns of male or female dominationRead MoreEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence which includesRead MoreDoes Spousal Abuse Have Permanent Effects?1259 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 111 17 September, 2014 Does Spousal Abuse have permanent Effects? Imagine running down the street, with the bare minimum clothing, bleeding rapidly and you do not know where you are going. You feel like you have no one to go to or call, what can you do? Although domestic violence has been around for centuries, it was not until the advent of the woman’s movement about 25 years ago that the issue began receiving serious attention. Today, the issue of spousal abuse is the subject of countless booksRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On The United States930 Words   |  4 PagesWife abuse, or spousal abuse, is prevalent throughout the United States. Even though this abuse is evident in all states, some states, such as Kentucky, experiences higher rates of wife abuse than others. As I attempt to uncover an explanation for the high rates of wife abuse in Kentucky, I will discuss wife, or spousal, abuse in Kentucky and across the United States, the various programs offered to battered women in Kentucky, and how cell phones have both posi tive and negative effects for theRead MoreBattered Woman Syndrome As A Defense852 Words   |  4 Pageswithin the â€Å"Cycle of Violence,† can alter a victim’s state of psychosis, leading them to a constant state of intimate-terror. In recently recognizing this syndrome, the courts will accept a victim’s plea of â€Å"Battered Woman Syndrome† as a valid defence after killing their abusive spouse. According to the Domestic Abuse Shelter, â€Å"In today s society, Batteringâ€Å" is the single major cause of injury to women, exceeding rapes, muggings and auto accidents combined (Domestic Abuse Shelter - A New Beginning)Read MoreThe Effectiveness Of Measuring Clients For Proper Assessment792 Words   |  4 Pagesinstrument. The population of people this paper will explore are those who are or have been victims of domestic violence. It will further examine the purpose of this formal assessment instrument and the benefits it will have in counseling. The population I am interested in providing services for are women of Domestic Violence. In addition to examining and treating victims of domestic violence, I would like to assess the effects of maltreatment and how it is interwoven into the fabric ofRead MoreSmeet Shah. Engl 1100-25. For: Lynda Daneliuk. April 10Th,1675 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims of Spousal Abuse Spousal abuse is a problem which exists in many societies around the world. Violence that occurs in any relationship which is romantic in nature and in which one partner seeks to dominate the other partner is called the spousal abuse. This type of abuse occurs in husband-wife relationship, relationship between the partners who are dating each other, with common law spouses and same sex relationships. There are certain ways in which one can be a victim of this abuse like emotionallyRead MoreDomestic Abuse1347 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence has been an ongoing issue among couples in society. This violence is not something that is new; it has been around for a long time. Domestic violence, can range from physical, mental, and emotional. When a couple is in an intimate relationship or married, one of the individuals in the relationship tries to dominate the other partner by trying to control them. This is commonly called domestic violence. A vast majority of domestic violence ca ses go unreported each year. This couldRead MoreUnited States Legal Analysis Of The Hague Convention1411 Words   |  6 Pagesreturned to the abusive parent. Over the years the U.S. has changed it procedure concerning grave risk of harm regarding Hague cases and found it not in the child’s best interest to be ordered to return to a domestic violence situation without a full investigation of the nature of the abuse and â€Å"of the likelihood that the authorities in the country to which the children are being returned will indeed fully protect them and their abused mother†. [1] â€Å"The U.S. Department of States Legal Analysis

The Women s Rights Movement Essay - 987 Words

In the late nineteenth century, woman was seen as a sign of weakness and seek for equality. Some of their jobs include teaching, secretary, and cooking. The most noticeable situation that occurs is that women were never given the opportunity to voice their opinion on what kind of job that they should do. In addition, voting at this point of time for women was quite impractical. The wartime was a difficult time for women who wanted to capitalize on an opportunity. They wanted a job to prove to men that they are much stronger. However, there was hope when the U.S. woman’s rights movement began. A woman by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the movement at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Elizabeth stated that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident,† proclaimed the Declaration of Sentiments that the delegates produced, â€Å"that all men and women are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.† In James Roark book, The American Promise, Stanton and fellow activist, Susan B. Anthony, launched the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. This group was created to raise awareness to women who desire to vote. In addition, the two activists felt that they could be a role model for woman around the world by taking action. Over the years, an uprising of woman’s protesting emerges as a national attention. In addition, women wanted access to higher wages, socialShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement702 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the women’s rights movement in the United States failed to accomplish its goals in the early –mid 19th century because the slavery issue was never resolved is unfounded. In the early-mid 19th century, women began to demand change in American society, as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically. - political, social, and economic change {Challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramaticallyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pages1848 to 1920, the women’s rights movement demonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality amongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. The blowback fromRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmen and women, the women’s rights movement in Pakistan has just begun. People are starting to protest against discriminations that women face in their daily lives that disable them from having a voice in society. Some of these discriminations involve men being able to divorce their wives without her consent, women’s voices having half the weight of a man’s in court, and female heirs inheriting less money or property than a male heir (â€Å"Sharia†, 9). Groups like the Pakistani Women’s Rights OrganizationRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1366 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Rights Movement The equality women have today did not just happen over night.In this passage there will be evidence of an impowering fight that women over came to say WE ARE IMPORTANT TO!! All the brave strong women that fought this battle, along with the obstacles women still face today.Also the surprising fact that women’s rights also consists of racism and sexual orientation.This movement was necessary, and is truly an accomplishment in history. The first outbreak of confidentRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1091 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history, women have constantly been suppressed. It was believed overall that women were not supposed to work, but to stay home, cook, clean, make clothes, and take care of the child(ren). Basically, a woman was considered her husband’s property. It was not until 1920s that women were finally able to get the rights they deserve, such as birth control, new divorce laws, and ultimately the right to vote, which was the main focus of the Women’s Rights Movement. This movement consisted of manyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1420 Words   |  6 Pageswomen’s rights movement in the United States in the early –mid 19th century did not fail to accomplish its goals, as slavery was not an issue women wanted to resolve (address?) In the early-mid 19th century, some women began to demand change in American society (as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically?) -political, social, and economic change {challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changedRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1620 Words   |  7 Pageshas improved over the last several years in the broader culture and by police, self-blame and shame has persisted among victims, leaving them just as unwilling to come forward.†(Gray. para. 10) The women’s rights movement is still going strong, and there have been major accomplishments for women within the last several decades. In 1968, the fair housing act made it no longer possible for a woman to be turned down by a landlord based solely on her being female. In 1986, the legal definition of ‘sexualRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920 1. â€Å"The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.† 2. Principal organizers : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (a mother of four, the Quaker, abolitionist ) 3. Social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights: family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. 4. Stanton and Anthony created the National WomanRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1813 Words   |  8 PagesOver a hundred years ago, one event created chaos among gender roles and here are some of the initial factors of how rights for women started as a predicament which later began to evolve into a much larger problem that involved many people around the nations. Over the course of history, many issues had change the world to what it has become today. Many problems led to social, economic, and other changes. One small event is able to cause more obstacles, which eventually leads to larger complications

Hr Maxa Free Essays

Training and Developing Employees Multiple Choice 1. _____ provides new employees with the basic background information required to perform their jobs satisfactorily. a. We will write a custom essay sample on Hr Maxa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employee recruitment b. Employee selection c. Employee orientation d. Employee development e. Training (c; easy; p. 268) 2. Orientation typically includes information on _____. a. employee benefits b. personnel policies c. daily routine d. safety measures e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 268) 3. The methods used to give new or present employees the skills they need to perform their jobs are called _____. a. orientation b. training c. development d. ppraisal e. management (b; easy; p. 270) 4. Employers use a(n) _____ to ensure that employees are working toward organizational goals. a. performance management process b. employee orientation program c. management by objectives program d. rewards program e. just-in-time system (a; moderate; p. 270) 5. Which of the following has the highest influence on organizational effectiveness? a. appraisal b. feedback c. training d. goal-setting e. technology (d; moderate; p. 270) 6. The first step in a training program is to _____. a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience . design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (d; moderate; p. 270) 7. What is the second step in the training process? a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (c; moderate; p. 270) 8. The third step in the training process is to _____. a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. rain the targeted group of employees (b; moderate; p. 270) 9. The fourth step in the training process is to _____. a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (e; moderate; p. 270) 10. What is the final step in the training process? a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (a; moderate; p. 270) 11. James is currently identifying the specific job performance skills needed, analyzing the skills of prospective trainees, and developing knowledge and performance objectives based on the deficiencies he finds. James is working on the _____ step in the training and development process. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth (a; moderate; p. 270) 12. Which of the following is not a consideration when designing a training program that motivates the trainees? a. provide the opportunity to apply the material b. provide prompt feedback c. utilize a half or three-fourths day schedule d. pay the trainees for the time spent in training . allow trainees to set their own pace (d; moderate; p. 271) 13. Which of the following is recommended for training sessions to maximize learning? a. a full day b. a half-day c. one hour d. three hours e. two hours (b; moderate; p. 272) 14. If an employer fails to train an employee adequately and an employee subsequently does harm to a third party, the c ourt could find the employer liable for ____. a. negligent hiring b. discrimination c. negligent training d. occupational fraud e. adverse action (c; moderate; p. 272) 15. Which of the following steps will not help employers protect themselves against charges of negligent training? . confirm employee claims of skill and experience b. provide extensive training c. evaluate the degree to which training lowers risks associated with job d. pay employees for time spent in training e. all of the above will help employers protect themselves (d; difficult; p. 272) 16. Under which situation below, should an employer pay an employee for time spent in training? a. the training program is voluntary b. the training program is directly related to the trainee’s job c. the trainee does not perform any productive work during the program d. he training program is conducted outside working hours e. the training provides no immediate benefit to the employer (b; difficult; p. 273) 17. _____ is a detailed study of the job to determine what specific skills the job requires. a. Needs analysis b. Task ana lysis c. Performance analysis d. Training strategy e. Development planning (b; easy; p. 273) 18. Employers can supplement the job description and specification with a _____ that consolidates information regarding required tasks and skills in a format that is helpful for determining training requirements. a. erformance record form b. training assessment form c. task analysis record form d. skill sheet e. work function analysis (c; moderate; p. 273) 19. A task analysis record form contains all of the following information except a. task list b. required skill set c. quality of performance d. employee name e. performance conditions (d; moderate; p. 273) 20. Employers can identify training needs for new employees by _____. a. reviewing job descriptions b. reviewing performance standards c. performing the job d. questioning current job holders e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 73) 21. The process of verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining if such deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means is called _____. a. needs analysis b. task analysis c. performance analysis d. training strategy e. development planning (c; moderate; p. 273) 22. The first step in a performance analysis is to _____. a. compare the person’s performance to ideal performance b. evaluate productivity per employee c. assess number of employee-related customer complaints d. evaluate supervisor performance reviews e. onduct tests of job knowledge (a; moderate; p. 273) 23. Sources of performance deficiencies in an employee may develop from a lack of _____. a. training b. supplies c. support systems d. rewards e. all of the above (e; moderate; p. 273) 24. _____ means having a person learn a job by actually doing it. a. Practice b. On-the-job training c. Socialization d. Social learning e. Modeling (b; easy; p. 275) 25. Which of the following training methods is the most popular? a. on-the-job training b. apprenticeship training c. informal learning d. job instruction training e. lectures (a; moderate; p. 275) 26. On-the-job training can be accomplished through the use of all of the following techniques except a. coaching b. programmed learning c. understudy d. job rotation e. special assignments (b; moderate; p. 275) 27. Rebekah was hired soon after graduation and assigned to complete a management trainee program. She will move to various jobs each month for a nine-month period of time. Her employer is utilizing the _____ form of training. a. job rotation b. understudy c. coaching d. special assignments e. informal learning (a; moderate; p. 275) 28. Jack hopes to be promoted to head of his department next year. In the meantime, he has been assigned to spend a year as assistant to the current department head. This is an example of the _____ form of training. a. job rotation b. job instruction c. coaching d. special assignments e. informal learning (c; moderate; p. 275) 29. Which of the following guidelines is intended to â€Å"Prepare the Learner† for success using on-the-job training? a. explain performance quality requirements b. go through the job at the normal work pace c. designate to whom the learner should go for help d. familiarize the worker with equipment, materials, and tools e. compliment good work (d; moderate; p. 276) 0. Which of the following guidelines is intended to â€Å"Present the Operation† when taking the steps for success using on-the-job training? a. put the learner at ease b. have the learner explain the steps as the trainer goes through the job at a slow pace c. explain the whole job d. create interest in the job e. compliment good work (b; moderate; p . 276) 31. The â€Å"Do a Tryout† step for success when using on-the-job training entails all of the following except _____. a. finding out what the learner already knows about this job b. having the learner go through the job several times while explaining each step c. unning the job at the normal pace d. having the learner do the job while gradually building up skill and speed e. correcting mistakes as the learner goes through the job (a; moderate; p. 276) 32. Which of the following is not part of the â€Å"Follow Up† step in ensuring success from on-the-job training? a. decrease supervision b. correct faulty work patterns c. explain quantity and quality requirements d. designate to whom the learner should go for help e. compliment good work (c; moderate; p. 276) 33. The first step to ensuring success for on-the-job training programs is to _____. a. present the operation b. ollow up c. do a tryout d. prepare the learner e. evaluate the program (d; easy; p. 276) 34. W hen low expectations on the trainer’s part translate into poor trainee performance, this is called the _____. a. golem effect b. expectations fallacy c. what you ask for is what you get effect d. expectancy risk e. trainer bias (a; moderate; p. 275) 35. A structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training is called _____. a. job instruction training b. understudy training c. programmed learning d. apprenticeship training e. coaching (d; easy; p. 276) 6. Which form of on-the-job training usually involves having a learner study under the tutelage of a master craftsperson? a. job instruction training b. understudy training c. programmed learning d. apprenticeship training e. coaching (d; easy; p. 276) 37. All of the following occupations except _____ use apprenticeship training to prepare trainees. a. cook b. electrician c. millwright d. operating engineer e. teacher (e; moderate; p. 276) 38. When jobs consist of a logical sequence of steps and are best taught step-by-step, the appropriate training method to use is _____. a. job instruction training b. informal learning . job rotation d. programmed learning e. apprenticeship training (a; moderate; p. 277) 39. The first step in using a job instruction training program is to _____. a. prepare the worker b. list all necessary steps in the job c. order the steps in the job d. list key points or guidelines for each step e. present the operation (b; moderate; p. 277) 40. A disadvantage of lecturing as a method of training is that it is _____. a. fast b. appropriate for large groups c. allow questions from the audience d. boring e. less expensive than written materials (d; easy; p. 278) 41. _____ is a step-by-step self-learning method. a. Job instruction training b. Programmed learning c. Apprenticeship training d. Lecturing e. Job rotation (b; easy; p. 279) 42. Which of the following is not an advantage of programmed learning? a. reduction in training time b. facilitation of learning c. reduced feeling of risk on the part of the learner d. learning similar to that with textbook e. immediate feedback provided (d; moderate; p. 279) 43. Functional illiteracy is defined as _____. a. reading below 9th grade level b. the inability to handle basic reading, writing, and arithmetic c. the inability to understand standard industry terminology d. roficiency in math and reading skills at the 8th grade level and above e. all of the above (b; moderate; p. 279) 44. Employers are responding to the problem of functional illiteracy by _____. a. testing the basic skills of job candidates b. instituting literacy programs at work c. conducting literacy audits d. holding formal classes on math and reading e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 279) 45. Because illiterate employees will usually try to hide their problem, supervisors can try to identify illiteracy problems by looking for employees who _____. a. do not follow written instructions b. take forms home to complete . are multilingual d. both a and b e. all of the above (d; moderate; p. 279) 46. Which of the following goals is the focus of diversity training? a. to create cross-cultural sensitivity b. to foster harmonious working relationships c. to improve interpersonal skills d. to socialize employees into the corporate culture e. all of the above (e; moderate; p. 280) 47. An advantage of conventional lecturing over the use of audiovisual-based training is that _____. a. audiovisuals are more boring b. audiovisuals are more expensive c. audiovisuals allow for instant replay and stop-action d. udiovisuals can show events that are not easily demonstrated in live lectures e. audiovisuals can be easily sent to all locations (b; moderate; p. 280) 48. Another term for vestibule training is _____. a. apprenticeship training b. computer-based training c. cubicle training d. simulated training e. job instruction training (d; moderate; p. 281) 49. _____ is a method in which trainees learn on actual or simulated equipment but are trained away from the job. a. Vestibule training b. Apprenticeship training c. Retreat training d. Cubicle training e. Job instruction training (a; moderate; p. 281) 50. Pilots train on flight simulators for safety, learning efficiency, and cost savings. This is an example of _____. a. apprenticeship training b. on-the-job training c. simulated training d. coaching e. programmed learning (c; easy; p. 281) 51. _____ are computer-based training systems that learn what the trainee did right and wrong and then adjusts the instructional sequence to the trainee’s unique needs. a. Programmed learning b. Multi-media training c. DVD training programs d. Intelligent tutoring systems e. Programmed instruction (d; moderate; p. 281) 52. All of the following are advanced types of computer-based training except _____. . interactive gaming systems b. intelligent tutoring systems c. interactive multimedia training d. virtual reality training e. all of the above are advanced types of computer-based training systems (a; moderate; p. 281) 53. A(n) _____ is a set of instruction, diagrams, or similar methods available at the job site to guide the worker. a. instruc tion sheet b. job aid c. task analysis record form d. skill sheet e. work function analysis (b; easy; p. 282) 54. United Airlines utilizes a checklist of things that pilots should do prior to take-off and landing. This checklist is an example of a(n) _____. a. job aid b. nstruction sheet c. task analysis form d. work function analysis e. skill sheet (a; moderate; p. 282) 55. Travel agents at Apollo Travel Services follow a computer program that displays question prompts and dialogue boxes with travel policies as the agent enters information about the consumer’s travel plans. This is an example of a(n) _____. a. job aid b. electronic performance support system c. intelligent tutoring system d. computer-managed instruction e. computer-based training (b; moderate; p. 282) 56. With _____, a trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at remote locations via television hookups. . lecturing b. audiovisual-based instruction c. teletraining d. teleteaching e. distance l earning (c; easy; p. 283) 57. Any attempt to improve managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills is called _____. a. diversity training b. on-the-job training c. performance improvement programs d. management development e. coaching (d; easy; p. 285) 58. The _____ process consists of 1) assessing the company’s strategic needs, 2) appraising the current performance of managers, and 3) developing the managers. a. management development b. management skills inventory c. succession planning . action planning e. performance support (a; moderate; p. 285) 59. The _____ process consists of 1) anticipating management needs, 2) reviewing the firm’s management skills inventory, and 3) creating replacement charts. a. management development b. management skills inventory c. succession planning d. action planning e. performance support (c; moderate; p. 285) 60. Which on-the-job training method is used for managerial positions? a. job rotat ion b. coaching c. action learning d. outside seminars e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 286) 61. In a(n) _____, carefully selected teams tackle real world business rograms that extend beyond their usual areas of expertise and receive coaching and feedback on their work. a. management development program b. action learning program c. role playing program d. job instruction program e. understudy program (b; moderate; p. 286) 62. The transparent, but often impermeable barrier that women face when trying to move to top management is called the _____. a. glass ceiling b. glass wall c. invisible corner office d. iron wall e. Mount Everest (a; easy; p. 287) 63. _____ is a special approach to organizational change in which the employees formulate the change that’s required and implement it. a. Managerial development b. Action research c. Succession planning d. Organizational development e. Participative management (d; moderate; p. 290) 64. Which of the following is not an application of organizational development? a. human process b. technostructural c. human resource management d. strategic e. interventions (e; moderate; p. 290) 65. The basic aim of _____ is to increase the participant’s insight into his or her own behavior and the behavior of others by encouraging an open expression of feelings in a trainer-guided group. a. sensitivity training b. action research c. group therapy d. diversity training e. coaching a; moderate; p. 295) 66. Which of the following organizational development techniques focuses on technostructural applications? a. t-groups b. process consultation c. quality circles d. team building e. goal setting (c; moderate; p. 295) 67. Which organizational development application involves examples like goal setting, performance appraisal, and employ ee wellness? a. human process b. strategic c. technostructural d. human resource management e. process consultation (d; easy; p. 295) 68. Which of the following is not measured to evaluate a training program? a. organizational productivity b. participants’ reactions to the program . what trainees learned from the program d. changes in on-the-job behavior e. training objectives achieved (a; moderate; p. 299) 69. In a _____, measures are taken before and after the training program so they can be compared to assess the effectiveness of the program. a. Soloman four-factor design b. time series design c. controlled experiment d. post-test only design e. factorial design (b; moderate; p. 299) 70. When _____ are measured to assess the effectiveness of a training program, variables such as liking of the program, satisfaction with the program, and attitude toward the program are assessed. a. earning outcomes b. behavioral outcomes c. results d. reactions e. productivity levels (d; mod erate; p. 299) True/ False 71. Employee orientation programs range from brief, informal introductions to lengthy, formal courses. (T; easy; p. 268) 72. Orientation refers to the methods used to give new or present employees the skills they need to perform their jobs. (F; easy; p. 268) 73. Most employers do not develop their own training materials. (T; easy; p. 271) 74. Training sessions should be half-day or three-fourths day in length rather than a full day, because the learning curve goes down late in the day. T; easy; p. 272) 75. Employers face the same consequences for discriminating against protected individuals when selecting candidates for training programs as they would in selecting candidates for jobs. (T; moderate; p. 272) 76. Employers must always pay employees for attending training programs. (F; moderate; p. 273) 77. The main task in analyzing current employees’ training needs is to determine what the job entails, break the job down into subtasks, and then teach each subtask to the employee. (F; moderate; p. 273) 78. Performance analysis is a detailed study of a job to determine what specific skills the job requires. (F; easy; p. 273) 79. The golem effect refers to the occurrence of poor trainee performance caused by low expectations for success by the trainer. (T; moderate; p. 275) 80. A disadvantage of on-the-job training is its expense. (F; easy; p. 275) 81. The American Society for Training and Development estimates that only about 20% of what employees learn on the job is learned through informal means while the rest is learned through formal training programs. F; moderate; p. 277) 82. Job instruction training is a step-by-step self-learning method which uses a textbook, computer, or the Internet. (F; moderate; p. 277) 83. Some estimate that 50% of the U. S. population reads below the eighth-grade level with about 90 million adults considered functionally illiterate. (T; moderate; p 279) 84. Literacy training is sometimes a part of a diversity training program. (T; moderate; p. 279) 85. Comp uter-managed instruction (CMI) is able to provide some of the primary characteristics of a human tutor. (F; difficult; p. 281) 86. Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) is more advanced than intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for providing tutoring. (F; difficult; p. 281) 87. Succession planning is a type of management development program. (T; easy; p. 286) 88. Lewin’s change process consists of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. (T; easy; p. 292) 89. Management development is a special approach to organizational change in which the employees themselves formulate the change that is required and implement it. (F; moderate; p. 285) 90. Organizational development usually involves action research. T; moderate; p. 294) 91. Sensitivity training seeks to increase participants’ insight into their own behavior and the behavior of others by encouraging an open expression of feelings in a trainer guided t-group. (T; moderate; p. 295) 92. Survey research is a convenient way to unfreeze a company’s management and employees by providing comparative, graphic illustration of the fact that the or ganization does have problems to solve. (T; easy; p. 295) 93. OD applications in human resource management involve changing firm structure, methods, and job design to improve efficiency and roductivity. (F; moderate; p. 295) 94. Survey research is a technostructural OD technique. (F; moderate; p. 295) 95. Human resource management OD applications use action research to enable employees to analyze and change their firm’s personnel practices such as performance appraisal and reward systems. (T; easy; p. 295) 96. Integrated strategic management is an OD method of developing and implementing a strategic change plan. (T; easy; p. 295) 97. A survey of employee attitudes towards the training program is the most frequently used assessment method. (F; moderate; p. 96) 98. When designing a training evaluation study, one can use a time series design or a controlled experiment. (T; moderate; p. 299) 99. When a training program is evaluated by measuring the outcomes of a group who receive s the training and another group that receives no training, it is called a time series design. (F; moderate; p. 299) 100. The four categories of training outcomes are reactions, learning, behavior, and results. (T; easy; p. 299) Essay/ Short Answer 101. What four things should a successful orientation program accomplish? (moderate; p. 268) Answer: New employees should feel welcome and at ease. New employees should understand the organization in a broad sense including its past, present, culture, and vision for the future. They should be clear about what is expected in terms of work and behavior. They should have begun the socialization process into the firm’s way of doing things. 102. Training is not useful if the trainee lacks the motivation to benefit from it. The more meaningful the material, the more motivated an employee should be to learn. How can a manager make training material more meaningful for employees? easy; p. 271) Answer: There are five suggestions for making training material more meaningful for employees. First, an overall picture of the training material that will be presented should be provided at the start of training. Second, familiar examples should be used. Third, the information should be logically organized and presented. Fourth, the vocabulary used during training should be familiar to the trainees. Fifth, many visual aids should be used. 103. There are several sources of information an employer can use to identify a current employee’s training needs. List five of these sources of information. (moderate; p. 273) Answer: The possible sources of information include performance reviews (supervisor, peer, self, and 360 degree); job-related performance data such as productivity, absenteeism and tardiness, accidents, short-term sickness, grievances, waste, late deliveries, product quality, downtime, repairs equipment utilization, and customer complaints; observation by supervisors or other specialists; interviews with the employee or the supervisor; skill tests; attitude surveys; employee task diaries; and assessment center results. 104. Trainers often try to solve employee performance deficiencies with training, but some deficiencies can’t be overcome with training. What other causes might exist for performance deficiency from an employee? (easy; p. 274) Answer: Training is appropriate if the problem is caused by the employee failing to understand how to do, what to do, or what the standards for performance are. However, if employees are not provided with the proper resources for doing a job well then training cannot solve this problem. Likewise, if employees have the necessary knowledge and resources, then the may not be motivated to improve performance. 05. There are several types of on-the-job training. Identify and describe three types. Which one is used most often? Why? (moderate; p. 275) Answer: The types of on-the-job training include the coaching or understudy method, the job rotation method, and the special assignments method. Using the understudy method, an experienced worker or the trainee’s supervisor trains the employee. At lower levels, the trainee might observe the supervisor, but it is also used at higher levels. Job rotation means that an employee moves from job to job at planned intervals. This is common in management training programs. Special assignments give employees firsthand experience in working on actual problems. The coaching or understudy method is used most often. It is the simplest to execute and still offers the advantages of OTJ training. 106. What advantages are associated with on-the-job training? (moderate; p. 275 Answer: OJT is relatively inexpensive. Trainees learn while producing and there is no need for expensive training facilities like classrooms or programmed learning devices. OJT also facilitates learning because trainees learn by doing and get prompt feedback on their performance. 107. On-the-job training can be enhanced if trainers know the four-step job instruction technique. What are the four steps in job instruction? Explain what happens in each step. (moderate; p. 276) Answer: The four steps in job instruction are to 1) prepare the learner, 2) present the operation, 3) do a tryout, and 4) follow up. In the first step, the trainer should try to put the learner at ease and relieve tension. The trainer should explain why the trainee is being taught. The trainer should create interest in the training by encouraging questions and finding out what the learner already knows. The job should be explained to the trainee along with making sure the trainee is familiar with the equipment, materials, tools, and terminology of the trade. In the second step, the trainer should explain the quantity and quality requirements of the job. The job should be gone through at a normal pace and then at a slower pace several times while explaining each step. After the steps have been covered, the learner should explain the steps to the trainer while the trainer goes through the job at a slow pace. In the third step, the learner should go through the job several times slowly while explaining each step. Mistakes should be corrected. Then the learner should do the job at a normal pace. This should continue while the learner builds up skill and speed. Once the learner has demonstrated ability to do the job, the work should begin, but the trainer should stay close by. In the final step, the trainer should designate a contact person the learner can reach for help. Supervision should be gradually decreased but work should still be checked periodically for quality and quantity standards. Any faulty work patterns should be corrected. Finally good work should be complimented and the worker encouraged until able to performance standards. 108. Describe the programmed learning training method and explain the three parts of this form of instruction. (moderate; p. 279) Answer: Programmed learning is a step-by-step self-learning method using a medium such as a textbook, computer, or the Internet. The three parts of the method include presenting questions, facts, and problems to the learner, allowing the person to respond, and then providing feedback on the accuracy of answers. 109. What is the goal of succession planning? What steps are involved in the process? (moderate; p. 286) Answer: Succession planning refers to the process through which a company plans for and fills senior-level openings. The typical succession planning process involves several steps. First, anticipate management needs based on factors like planned expansion. Next, review the firm’s management skills inventory to assess current talent. Then, create replacement charts that summarize potential candidates and each person’s development needs. 110. Changing employee attitudes, skills, and behaviors can be difficult. Explain how Lewin’s Change Process proposes how change should be implemented. (moderate; p. 292) Answer: To Lewin, all behavior in organizations is a product of two kinds of forces – those striving to maintain the status quo and those pushing for change. Implementing change means either weakening the status quo forces or building up the forces for change. Lewin’s change process consists of three steps: 1) unfreezing the forces that seek to maintain the status quo, 2) moving to develop new behaviors and attitudes, and 3) refreezing the organization into its new system to prevent it from reverting to its old ways. How to cite Hr Maxa, Papers

System of Government in the Philippines During Sample Essay Example For Students

System of Government in the Philippines During Sample Essay During the Spanish colonisation in the Philippines. the authorities was composed of two subdivisions. the executive and the judicial. There was no legislative subdivision on that clip since the Torahs of the islands were coming from Spain. The lone Torahs created in the Philippines are those who were ordered by the Governor General. The authorities on that clip was lead by the Governor General. He was considered as the representative of Spain and the King himself. He is the highest officer in the island and responsible for implementing Torahs from the female parent state. He besides has the power to name or alleviate officer in the authorities or priest in the parish. except with those personally appointed by the male monarch of Spain. The states in the island were called as â€Å"Encomienda† and were governed by the â€Å"Encomienderos† . subsequently they were replaced by the â€Å"Alcalde Mayor† â€Å"Alcalde Mayor† had both the executive and judicial power. He had besides given the right to roll up revenue enhancements. The â€Å"Alcalde Mayor† was besides allowed to set up a concern because of its limited wage. In 1886. their executive power was abolished but their judicial powers remain. Small towns were governed by the â€Å"gobernadorcillo† . Under his authorization were one constabulary head and the lower authorities employees from which he had legal power. â€Å"Gobernadorcillo† were elected by the married people but subsequently a â€Å"gobernadorcillo† was chosen by those surpassing in the place as his replacing. The metropolis was governed by two city managers. 12 councilors and a constabulary head. a secretary and other employees. The metropolis is called as â€Å"Ayuntamiento† . The â€Å"Encomienda† system was implemented. It is a system from which the male monarch has the right to reassign the authorization of a peculiar land to any Spanish person or establishment. Those single who posses the right of â€Å"encomienda† was called as â€Å"Encomiendero† . An â€Å"Encomiendero† has authorization to roll up revenue enhancements from the people in his legal power. He besides has the responsibility to care and look for the benefits of those citizens. Unfortunately. the â€Å"encomienda† system was misused by some â€Å"encomienderos† . A batch of them use the â€Å"encomienda† for their ain involvement. They tend to mistreat their power. roll uping revenue enhancements more than the existent revenue enhancement value. The â€Å"encomiendero’s† abuse their powers which sometimes made people rebellions against them. The â€Å"encomienda† system created hinderances for the economic development of the multitudes. This doing the elect richer and doing the economic state of affairs of the bulk under developed. Although the â€Å"encomienda† system is designed for administration. its execution gives negative effects to the people from which the â€Å"encomienderos† abuse their power against the people. to whom they are bound to regulate. The authorities during the American government After the Spaniards capitulated to them in the Battle of Manila on August 13. 1898. the winning Americans established the Military Government on August 14. This authorities which was run by military generals appointed by the American president exercised all powers of the authorities until the war was declared by the Americans to hold ended until July 1901. following the gaining control of President Emilio Aguinaldo. On July 4. 1901. upon the recommendation of the Second Philippine Commission headed by William Taft. the American governments established the civil authorities that took over the maps of the military authorities. The president of the Filipino Commission became civil governor in countries already pacified under the American military regulation. The Civil Governor ( the rubric was subsequently changed to Governor-General in 1905 ) besides exercised legislative powers while staying as president of the Filipino Commission. the lawmaking organic structure of the authorities up to 1907. Upon the creative activity of the Philippine Assembly that served as the lower house. the Filipino Commission became the upper house of the legislative subdivision from 1907 to 1916. The first free national elections in the Philippines were held for the members of the Philippine Assembly who were all Filipinos where Sergio Osmena served as Speaker of the Assembly. With the transition of the Spooner Amendment in 1916. the Filipino Commission and Philippine Assembly gave manner to an all Filipino Legislature. The Filipino Legislature had two houses – the Senate and the House of Representatives. Manuel Quezon was elected President of the Senate and Osmena once more became Speaker of the House. Despite the turning engagement of the civil authorities there were still restrictions. The American governor-general was still the power behind the authorities and. together with the American president could blackball any jurisprudence passed by the Filipino Legislature. Enuresis EssayIn April 1946. elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won the election. they were non allowed to take their seats under the stalking-horse that force had been used to pull strings the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4. 1946. as scheduled. Manuel Roxas ( Liberal Party ) . holding been inaugurated every bit President as scheduled. on July 4. 1946 before the granting of independency. strengthened political and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act. In Mar. . 1947. the Philippines and the United States signed a military aid treaty ( since renewed ) which allowed the US to take part every bit in the development of the country’s natural resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 old ages ( a later understanding reduced the period to 25 old ages get downing 1967 ) . These bases would subsequently be used to establish operations in the countries of Korea. China. Vietnam. and Indonesia. During the Roxas disposal. a general amnesty was granted for those who had worked together with the Nipponese piece at the same clip the Huks were declared illegal. His disposal ended prematurely when he died of bosom onslaught April 15. 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga. Vice President Elpidio Quirino ( Liberal Party. henceforth referred to as LP ) was sworn in as President after the decease of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in November 1949 against Jose P. Laurel ( Nacionalista Party. henceforth referred to as NP ) and won his ain four-year term. During this clip. the CIA under the leading of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the end to keep backthe Huk Movement. Among the steps which were undertaken were psyops-campaigns which demoralized the superstitious notion of many Filipinos and Acts of the Apostless of force by authorities soldiers which were disguised as Huks. By 1950. the U. S. had provided the Filipino military with supplies and equipment deserving $ 200 million dollars. The immense undertaking of retracing the war-worn state was complicated by the activities in cardinal Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerillas ( Huks ) . who resorted to panic and force in their attempts to achieve land reform and derive political power. They were eventually brought under control ( 1954 ) after a dynamic onslaught introduced by the curate of national defence. Ramon Magsaysay. By that clip Magsaysay was president of the state. holding defeated Quirino in Nov. . 1953. His run was massively supported by the CIA. both financially and through practical aid in discrediting his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic alterations. and he did do advancement in land reform. opening new colonies outside crowded Luzon Island. His decease in an aeroplane clang in Mar. . 1957. was a serious blow to national morale. Vice President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections of Nov. . 1957. In foreign personal businesss. the Philippines preserved a steadfast anti-Communist policy and joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954. There were troubles with the United States over American military installings in the islands. and. in malice of formal acknowledgment ( 1956 ) of full Philippine sovereignty over these bases. tensenesss increased until some of the bases were dismantled ( 1959 ) and the 99-year rental period was reduced. The United States rejected Philippine fiscal claims and jutting trade alterations. Filipino resistance to Garcia on issues of authorities corruptness and anti-Americanism led. in June. 1959. to the brotherhood of the Liberal and Progressive parties. led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal. the Liberal party leader. who succeeded Garcia as president in the 1961 elections. Macapagal’s disposal was marked by attempts to battle the climb rise that had plagued the democracy since its birth ; by attempted confederations with adjacent states ; and by a territorial statement with Britain over North Borneo ( subsequently Sabah ) . which Macapagal claimed had been leased and non sold to the British North Borneo Company in 1878.

Ipp Essay Research Paper Intellectual Property PiracyIn free essay sample

Ipp Essay, Research Paper Intellectual Property Piracy In today=s society engineering has made life easier and about wholly machine-controlled. You no longer necessitate to travel to a Teller in a bank to lodge, retreat, or even hard currency a cheque. You can even plan a reckoner to work out for the degree Celsius value in an equation in math category. To even exceed things off you no longer necessitate to be at place or around a computing machine to travel on to the cyberspace with promotions in cellular phone engineering. Unfortunately there are drawbacks to the quickly turning field of engineering and computing machines. The cyberspace is doing more and more music, films, games, and 1000s of other package accessible. Most of it is stolen or APIRATED @ , and so put up on the cyberspace for anybody to download and utilize on their Personal computer ( personal computing machine ) . Along the lines there are even plans that let you happen, download, and utilize what you want at no charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipp Essay Research Paper Intellectual Property PiracyIn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be able to make this hurts or even destroys the discoverers really ain rational belongings and they have the right to do royalties off of their thought, whether it is music, films, games, or even business/personal package. The loss of these belongingss are due to four chief factors, networking, encoding, few or no case in points, and a fast growing, in the Personal computer field. All of which have led rational belongings on the hemorrhage border of the engineering universe but has non wholly eliminated it from the market. Some companies are bettering in those country with better scheduling and encrypting. Besides with the aid of the United States authorities in doing Torahs, criterions, and bureaus wholly focused on this country of engineering. The first issue is networking. Whether its on a local degree such as an intranet or LAN ( local country web ) where merely a few computing machines are networked or connected together and have file sharing entree or as a universe broad factor as the cyberspace or WAN ( broad country web ) . Networking allows multiple usage entree the same information at the same clip. When there is an intranet it is localized to merely a little community such as a concern or local school. However they tend to be nexus or connected to the cyberspace leting entrance and surpassing traffic through the extranet waiter. The extranet waiter gives the LAN entree to the outside universe but besides give the outside universe entree to them. With 100s of 1000s of computing machines linked to each other Gs ( about one billion bytes ) of Gs of informations are shared. To entree this information you need a plan that uses a procedure called FTP ( file transportation protocol ) or HTTP ( hyper text transportation p rotocol ) . Many of these plans are free and come with your Personal computer, such as Microsoft 7 Internet Explorer or Netscape 7 Navigator. With these plans allow anybody that has entree to the cyberspace to position and even download anything they want. As another manner to have informations is through a direct connexion contact via FTP. A really common and popular plan to make this is used for music and is even under reappraisal by the United States federal tribunal system, Napster 7. Napster 7 allows you to log on to a waiter and browse or expression at what other users have on there computing machine and download anything at one time. As of the thirteenth of November twelvemonth two thousand there are seven thousand, nine hundred and five Gs of informations and is comprised of 1,907,942 vocals being shared at any user=s petition ( Napster client v2.0beta 7 ) . Some of those vocals might be free to portion but that is merely at the artist consent, but all other vocals and creat ive persons lose their right to royalties and lose money. However non all creative person are against the thought of sharing this manner, they merely work around it. Some sets are seting secret vocals on there albums and non seting them on the list of vocals on the album or doing the album an synergistic album with the aid of SONY=s CD EXTRA. These are merely a few ways that artist protecting them egos against the cyberspace. Along with networking jobs comes encoding and protecting your digital and rational belongings. Technology is doing it easier to pack, mass multiply, and administer a merchandise. Besides with the entire slice out of eight path cassette tape and long drama record, music has converted over to Cadmiums ( compact phonograph record ) . Cadmiums are in digital format what are composed purely zeros and 1s. Now that CDRW ( compact phonograph record rhenium write ) thrusts have been released anybody can copy any Cadmium they wish. Besides along the lines of copying Cadmiums there is package that lets anybody convert Cadmium sound into a low infinite format mat called MP3 ( Mpeg 3 bed ) , and can utilize the same plan to play the vocal with out the Cadmium. With this capableness you can merchandise, sell, and even merely give away the music with out the creative person acquiring one penny of royalty. Some Cadmium industries are coding their merchandises to protect their informations. Another type of buccaneering of rational DVD ( digital versatile/video phonograph record ) ripping. A DV D is non a wholly the same as a Cadmium, it takes a particular thrust that reads the different beds on the phonograph record, and transfers the information a faster velocity. Besides a different thrust, the phonograph record infinite capacity of a DVD is about 10 times the size of the mean Cadmium. With these alterations and a high encoding format a individual is non able to copy a DVD on to a Cadmium, but you can rend the film. To rend the film means to copy the image in a lower quality and different format that the DVD comes on. There is package that allows you to rend a film that is seven Gs in a film that is about 600 Ms ( about six hundred million bytes ) in a Divx format. The quality of this format is really good and really fast but non every bit good as DVD. One of the job with holding an thought digitalized is that there are really few Torahs sing the protection of an thought that is electronically produced. In the latest intelligence sing electronic right of first publication Napster is at the top of the list. Napster is one of the first companies to be charged with electronic buccaneering. They are being sued by many creative person and their record labels, and Napster is puting a prevision in the file sharing of music over the cyberspace. Napster wrote a plan that allow their users to log into a waiter that is located in California, and hunt, position, and so download each others files at that minute. This procedure wholly cut out the in-between adult male of the record label, and besides cutting off the consent to the creative person. Besides losing the consent of the creative person, the users are go forthing out the royalties that are paid to the creative person for their work and thought. The job with the cyberspace and file sharing is that there is a batch of land that has to be explored because the country is so new. It is besides a booming market and concern topographic point, but still has a batch of development and growing. With the growing of the new market country at that place has merely been a few case in points set in to topographic point and criterions really from state to state. What may be illegal in one state might be wholly legal in another, such as drink and buying intoxicant in the United States one must be of the age of 20 one, where in Europe the common age is 16. The cyberspace allows people to setup waiter in multiple states where it is legal and wholly accessible all over the universe, and allows them to host something that might be illegal in their place state. Unfortunately states set thier ain case in points, criterions, and Torahs that consequence the whole universe, but the Godheads of the music, package, or film will hold to travel to protect their merchandise better. One of the ground for the deficiency of jurisprudence is that the rapid growing of the computing machine industry, for it is merely 20 old ages old. The computing machine field is invariably turning and altering before any Torahs can be made. Computers programers are ever seeking to do plans easier, faster, and more low-cost for consumers. However there are plans known as AHACKERS @ that there accomplishments are harbored in being able to check or interrupt the codification that makes up the plans that many consumers want. They work merely to see if they can check the codification as a shake. Unfortunately it is going easier and easier to go a AHACKER @ with out cognizing who to even cognize how to plan or write machine codification. There is more and more package being developed to change over music to MP3s, rake DVDs into DIVX format, and CDRW package that allows to make a Cadmium in merely a few proceedingss. With these plans being produced it allows anybody make what the professi onals know how to make at the easy of point and click interface. However the plans are a menace the major developers of music, package, and films where merely they have the popular merchandises that everybody wants. But the major developers are in the cutting border of networking, encoding, and growing. Intellectual belongings buccaneering is a serious and financially violative offense. It helps increase the retail monetary value of music, package, and films. It is lead by the growing of engineering and the deficiency of Torahs against it. Equally long as there are people looking for a manner out of paying for something there will be rational belongings buccaneering. What is needed to be done is better security and encoding for digital informations, harsher Torahs, and an internet criterion for all states. ADigital usage of films flickers free address battle in case @ 7Aug 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/headlines/20000807dvdsuit1.asp KopyKatz hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kopykatz.com 13 Nov 2000 Napster. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.napster.com/win/download/ 13 Nov 2000 ANapster may be the King of Gross saless Spin @ 9 Nov 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/interact/20001109radin.asp Oz, Effy. Management Information System. Cambridge, MA: Course 2000 AVideo on demand: Any DVD film can be copied, sent online @ 6 Aug 2000http: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/businessnews/20000806interact7.asp

The Importance and Advantages of English Essays

The Importance and Advantages of English Essays The Importance and Advantages of English Essay The Importance and Advantages of English Essay THE IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGES OF ENGLISH Once there was a popular quote saying that â€Å"The sun never set on the British Empire†. This statement is very close to the truth. Because of the geographic spread of the British colonies, some territory somewhere was always in daylight hours. Chief among many legacies left behind by this British colonization is none other than the English language. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many English speakers there are, but according to one estimate there are more than 350 million native English speakers. But more of interest to us is the fact that there are more than 400 million speakers of English as a second language. However, even these numbers do not really indicate how important English is as a world language, because less than 15% of the population uses English. At the same time English is not the most widely spoken language in the world in terms of number of native speakers. For example there are many more Chinese speakers than English speakers, but Chinese is used very little outside of Chinese communities making English the most widespread language in the world. The importance of English is not just in how many people speak it but what it is used for. English is the major language for news and information in the world. It is the language of business and government even in some countries where it is the minority language. It is the language of international air traffic control and maritime communication. American popular culture, primarily movies and music carries this language throughout the world. In some countries other than the United Kingdom English is the sole or dominant native language. It has that role in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. This is no surprise as all these countries are former British colonies. In other countries English is also the widely used, particularly among people who have no other language in common, even though it is not the dominant language of the country. For example, English is widely used n Hong Kong, Singapore, Nigeria, the Philippines, and here in Malaysia too. In such countries it is often used as a means of communication between people who have different native languages. Even here in Sunway University, we have among our population students from all over the world. Our mother tongues are all different and unique. How can we get by if not for English? In fact will we even be able to study in this university if not for the common language of English? Along side being here to pursue their chosen fields, the students’ proficiency and command of the English language will improve. Why study in English when one can study in ones own mother tongue? The answer is simple: because English has an impact by way of enhancing ones career prospects. The â€Å"global village† is a term widely tossed around in the increasingly borderless business world. As a result, developing countries do not want to miss out on business opportunities and foreign investments with better developed countries and better established companies. In order to keep up, they need an English speaking work force. This means today’s primary, middle, senior, and university students must prepare for a job in an English speaking work environment. A graduate who can converse in English fluently will therefore stand a far better chance of landing a job in a multi-national company then one who can speak only his or her native language, because English has, over time, proven itself as the major language of international business, diplomacy and science. English is also an official, or the official language, of many international organizations including the United Nations and many professional organizations. It is frequently the language of international conferences and it is the language of international athletics. Throughout the world many professional papers are published in English. Even papers that are published in other languages often have abstracts in English. As a student I have already realized that text books for many specialized subjects are available only in English. Demonstrating it has now become impossible to alienate ourselves from gaining competency in English. The banner â€Å"World Wide Web†- (WWW) : in the New York Times puts in place the importance of English in this ever evolving world that is beginning to be dominated by the internet, and even more so by computers and information technology. There is now increasing talk of the digital divide between those who can maximize the resources available digitally and those who can’t, especially those who have excess to the World Wide Web, but do not have sufficient proficiency in English. Three quarters of all telex messages and telegrams are sent in English. It has been said that 60% of the worlds radio broadcast and 70% of the worlds mail are in English. 80% of computer date are processed and stored in English. Much satellite communication is carried in English. Believe it or not it is estimated that 94% of internet sites are being written in English. Further more English remains the primary language for computer programming. English is the language that millions use everyday in speaking, writing and general communication but few people will do it well. Getting ones English into shape for serious academic study will no doubt be hard work especially for those of us who do not speak English as our mother tongue. It may not be an enjoyable process but inevitably compulsory because no matter how well you know or may think you know your subject area without the right level of fluency n English you shall struggle to pass your course. As it has been presented it can be concluded that English is a widespread and important language in the world today. It is used for everything from international conferences, news reports to popular music lyrics and popular video games. It is binding cord between native and non native speakers. Even though it does not have the greatest number of speakers in the world it is the most widely used language in the world. And it will be used by many more generations to come.

Staffing and defining an arts organization Assignment

Staffing and defining an arts organization - Assignment Example that â€Å"Our main reason for being is to create theatre productions that reflect the Canadian experience of the past, present and future† (What we do, n. d.). The mission statement of the organization rest upon the values, which is expressed as- â€Å"we are very active in play development as a means of supporting Canadian playwrights and building the repertoire of Canadian plays† (What we do, n. d.). The director is more responsible for the artistic activities of the organization rather than engaging in the day to day activities of the organization. He must have the vision that the plays staged by the organization must be unique and uphold the values of the organization enunciated by the founder. He must be a person of long term vision as the organization’s future id relied upon how competent he is in keeping the studio upfront of similar organizations. Similarly, he must have good managerial abilities and leadership qualities as he is the person responsible for coordinating the whole activities of the organization. He should have a good foresight and motivational qualities. He must motivate the entire people in the organization so that the objectives can be

Math Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math Education - Essay Example First, have the students place each M&M into a line of 15. As they place each M&M down, have them count, â€Å"1†¦ 2†¦ 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. Once they have counted to 15 and placed down each of the 15 M&M’s have them count the M&M’s again while pointing to each one to reiterate the notion that each one M&M they point to corresponds with one number they count. The order irrelevance rule can be introduced by having children count the M&M’s from 1 to 15, going backwards from right to left instead of the usual left to right. Although they are counting the M&M’s in a different order than before, they count the same way: â€Å"1†¦ 2†¦ 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. To reiterate this rule, have students group the M&M’s by color. Have them start counting with the reds one time, have them start counting with blue’s the next time, and so forth. No matter what order they count the M&M’s, it’s always the same. In order to understand the cardinality rule, students need to learn that by counting properly in order, the last number they count to represents the total number of things they just counted. This can be accomplished by having students count the 15 M&M’s: â€Å"1†¦ 2†¦ 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. and after the reach the final, 15th M&M, ask them how many M&M’s there are on their desk. The answer is the same as the last number they counted: 15. This process can be repeated by taking an M&M away each time so that there are totals of 14, 13, 12 and 11. To assess students’ ability to count rationally, ask students to count with you to 15. Count slowly, so that everybody can stay at the same pace. Every couple of numbers, don’t say the next number; instead cue the students to say the appropriate number. Repeat this process several times, leaving numbers out each time. Next, have students sit on the floor in a straight line, and stand up when pointed at. As you point to each kid they should say one number each, starting at 1 and

The History of the Railroads Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The History of the Railroads - Research Paper Example Smith’s theory that propagated dependence of individualism that oozed out of the nation at this time period. Capitalism is a spectacular form in which societies are created. Capitalism is based on market democracy in which consumer spending is a vital component of driving the economy of supply and demand. One of the reasons why the American economy thrives is due to the spending ability of the middle class in this country. Compared to other nations, American families, in contrast, are able to afford more products on a grand scale than most countries around the globe. In essence, capitalism defined America. America’s obsession with Industrial began with Slater’s mills in which textiles became the primary market to produce. Although it may seem a new age, most workers were orphans or children who owed the debt to the nation. The drive of capitalism for this country relied on many factors that included slavery, turned raw goods into products, factories, and the abil ity to produce such a drastic workforce. Jefferson understood and acknowledged this problem. He feared that America could not be properly industrialized due to the fact that it would not attract workers. Hence, the need to build factories around villages became critical components towards the move to industrialize America. ...The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled the United States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land that extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States border. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to the development of the United States. The south had to dramatically shift its economy to tobacco and cotton to agriculture. In the north, corn supply was enhanced along with the focus on producing textiles. Cities such as New York and C hicago became the top commerce cities that built its economic empire due to the industrial revolution. The creation of the Erie Canal became the hallmark of water commerce that enabled America to lower shipping costs of raw goods from nation to nation. In midst of all this, Chicago became America’s fresh water supply and became a fur trading port for all entrepreneurs. With all these factors accumulating, the need to invent railroads became extremely crucial. The United States quest to become the â€Å"Steel giant† was pivotal for the development and the expansion of railroads. Railroads were the internet at this particular time period as it literally transformed the dynamic economic commerce of the nation. Building the first transcontinental railroad meant steel, a drastic labor force, expanding towards the West and cooperating with the natives. A key element that should not be focused that dramatically eased the way for capitalism is the fact that public infrastructu re dominated the scene during this era.

Malaria: Causes, Effects and Cures

Malaria: Causes, Effects and Cures Solving a Biological Problem Summary The chapter is about the methodology that is involved in exploring some understanding toward solving a biological problem while doing research in quest. With citation of example of malaria as a problem along with historical stage involved towards gradual understanding related to its causes leading to the findings to its cure and preventions, an attempt was made to present the approach that has been involved in addressing the scientific issues in past. A practical approach that is possible to conduct practically at school level to get the students introduced with research at elementary level and built up some interest in students has been presented in the following chapter. Mathematical and statistical tools that are needed in research have been introduced to analyze the data obtained by using research methodology (hypothetical) to arrive on conclusions about certain aspects of the issues related to malaria to accept, discard or modify the hypothesis on a scientific query. Introduction The human being started putting efforts to explore the world around him right from very beginning. The history is full of examples that show that early human being somehow recorded their opinion about different thing. With passage of time, human beings learnt to evaluate the correctness of their thoughts and opinion on any scientific issue, by setting some experiments, drawing conclusion (hypothesis) based on results, verification of hypothesis by other experiments and reporting it. Research methodology is latest approach involving these procedures to address a scientific problem. Steps involved in Biological Research Procedure Identification of a problem Sufferings of mankind that includes diseases, scarcity of food shelter, utilities etc or related matters are the existing problems from biological origin. To initiate research in an area a problem in a particular area is identified. There can be a wide range of problems e.g. an approach to find a cure for newly emerging disease, find a more effective drug for a curable disease, increase the shelf life of a product etc. Generation of hypothesis Available understanding on an issue that is published in scientific journals is used to draw logical opinion, hypothesis, underlying the biological processes and indicate possibilities that can lead to the management of the problem. There are often more than one hypothesis available for a given scientific query. Usually one hypothesis is being testified by given experiments. (a) Shelf life of chadder cheese increases with increase in number of yeast cells present into it. (b) Quality of spinach deteriorates with increase in rate of transpiration. (c) The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. Laboratory safety Procedures Every type of biological experimentation should comply with necessary safety procedures that ensures the safety of professionals involved in conducting the experiments and other people. That includes use of special clothing e.g. coats, gloves head cover spectacles etc. All the biological material is carried or grown in specially designed containers that ensure no risk for leakage that can be hazards for other people who can come in contact. All the biological material is heated at 121oC under pressure at 15 psi to kill all type of cells before discarding it whereas chemical agents are discarded as mentioned in safety manuals. Experiment Design Experimentation is a practical approach for investigation a scientific query leading to generation of observations called data. A same question can be investigated by using different experimental approaches. The selection of an experimental design mainly depends upon time required, extent of precision, availability of resources etc. Each experiment design has got some limitations and it is important to ensure that the selected experiment design can optimize for investigating the required scientific query. Each experiment is design by usually changing a variable. In order to test a given hypothesis, experiments are set, usually in triplicate and experiments are repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility of the data. To avoid adding error in the data it is important to set negative and positive control for a given experiment. Positive control has an ingredient instead of ingredient to be test that should positive result when is added in the reagents and processed as per standard method of experiment in given conditions. On other hand Negative control is set same as positive control but has water or other solvent added instead of reagent to be tested. It is very important that selection of sample that is used in the experiment should be random. It is important to ensure that all the experiments should be done at the same conditions. All those factors that can contribute to add errors should be taken care of. Data Collection and analysis Observations can be collected after completion of experiments or while they are in progress depending on nature of experiments. The data is not always a integral values but can be visual observations that can be recorded by photography. The data is usually recorded with appropriate units in tabular form. This is known as raw data. Every data has some error added into it. Mathematic and statistics an integral part of Biological Analysis The observations that are collected as numerical value after experiments comprise raw data. Mathematical or statistical methods are used to minimize the effect of errors present into it the raw data. The most widely and commonly statistical method that is used to decrease error in data is finding an average in any given readings. Beside that mathematical or statistical tools are used to deduce a logical ground based on numerical value to support, modify or discard any scientific opinion (hypothesis) that is built up on earlier reported scientific findings Use of ratio proportion and percentage Data is analyzed by using mathematical or statistical tools, most commonly that are used include ratio and percentage, for finding an effect of changing a variable on other parameters in a given set of condition. If a numerical variable ‘a’ represents intensity of a biological event that needs to be compared with intensity of another similar event represented by numerical variable ‘b’ then ratios are taken out Ratio between intensity of two biological events = a (equation 1) b In order to represent this comparison on scale of 100, percentage of ratio between variables are taken out The general formula for percentage is given as below %= Ratio between two numerical variable x100(equation 2) Substitute equation 1 in general formula of percentage as shown by equation 2 Percent % (ratio between intensity of two biological events) ={ a }x 100 (eq 3) b Usually biological data can comprise of in a range of very small value to very large and hence it is important to convert it on Log10. The general formula for expressing any numerical variable is shown by equation 4 as follow Number(N) on Log 10 scale= Log10(N) (equation 4) Substitute equation 3 into equation 4 Log 10(ratio between intensity of two biological events) =Log10 { a x 100}(eq 5) b Technical limitation associated with use of Log10 scale While expressing any data on Log10 the difficulty arises when it is needed to express integral 0 on Log10 scale (Log10(0)=infinity). In order to cope with this difficulty 1 or any fraction of number that falls within permissible limit of error (10 scale. In later stages the data can easily be plotted on any type of graphs as discussed in later part of this chapter. Significance of error in decision making and predictions on biological data Every data collected has certain extent of error present into it depending upon experimentation design, procedures and method of taking observations. This error needs to be evaluated before using the data for testing any hypothesis, decision making or predictions. It is defined as tentative variation on negative and positive scale in a set of observations from actual value. The actual numerical value of a biological effect is (B). An experiment was done to note this biological effect. The experiment was repeated N times e.g. (N1 N2 N3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Nt) to showing observations B as (B1 B2 B3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt) respectively. The first stage in calculation the error is to find an average The general formula for Average is Average = sum of numerical values of individual observation eq 6 Number of times the observation was taken Substitute the values in equation 6 Average ={B1+ B2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt} eq 7 {Nt} Sum of values of observations ={B1+ B2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt}is shown by S{B} No of times the experiment was repeated {Nt} ={N} Substitute the value in equations in equation 7 Average= S{B} equation 8 {N} Lets value of Average be represented by X Substitute in equation 7 Average = X Second stage is to find the difference between each numerical value of observation and Average = B1-X, B2-XBt-X, Third stage is to square each of the difference =B1-X)2,(B2-X)2, (B3-X)2(Bt-X)2 Fourth stage is to add the square of differences =(B1-X)2+(B2-X)2+(Bt-X)2 Fifth stage is to divide square sum of difference of average of individual numerical variable with number of observations e.g N =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,†¦..(Bt-X)2 N Standard deviation or Error is obtained by taking square root of the quotient obtained by dividing the square sum of difference between the average and the individual numerical variable with number of observations. =√S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,†¦..(Bt-X)2 N It is an integral value that is expressed, as on negative as well as positive scale e.g if error calculated is 3 then it would be +3 as well as –3. It represents a range within which actual value may lie. In olden days, such calculations were done with the help of calculator but now same work can be done more easily by using different software e.g. excel with computer as a tool. It is often very different to understand the effect underlying in any biological data by merely looking at numerical values. The different types of graphs are used for visual presentation of effect by trends available in data The most commonly types of graphs that are used for the presentation of data are given in figure 2.The same data for different sample e.g. A, B, C is presented on percentage scale by using horizontal and vertical bars whereas error is shown by error bars .Another set of data for sample D, E, F was presented by line graph. Data analysis to decide the status of hypothesis After the mathematical and statistical treatment of raw data a logical ground built up by comparing certain numerical values or more often represented on graphs to accept, modify or reject any hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis â€Å"The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic, 100 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated in same volume in mediums with concentration as X, 3X and 70X respectively to make final concentration of each medium as 100 cells/ml.(Sample D contains 3X concentration medium, Sample E contains X concentration and Sample F contains 70X concentration). The medium were kept at 600C for 1104hours and cells were assayed for viability after 10 hrs, 100, hours, 1000hrs and 10000 hrs respectively. The viability being dependent value was plotted on a graph Y axis against the time in hours after expressing the value on Log 10 scale. Different data points taken on the graph are sufficiently scattered and can not be joined by a straight line accommodating all the point on it. The trend line can be drawn manually by accommodating maximum number of points and leaving as many point above the line as many are there below that line. Such a manually drawn line can not be used for any type of scientific predictions. Otherwise highly precise trend line for a given data can be drawn as explained in section given in the end of the chapter that can be used for making decisions on a given hypothesis and for making predictions. The error bars extending on positive as well as negative scale in same magnitude of Y scale is plotted against each observation. The observation that were taken in this experiment are shown as graphs in Figure 2 e.g. Sample D, E and F were presented by using line graphs on Log 10 scale. The trend lines are introduced to show the type of dependency of one parameter on another. As already discussed earlier the biological data is often presented on Log 10 scale to observe the effects in broader prospective and ignore the slight changes especially when study is made on larger populations of samples e.g. cells with a wide range of variations. The data show that sample D and E has got similar trend (with an increase in variable on X axis, there is a decrease on Y axis variable, Y axis is dependent on x axis and is inversely proportional to it) whereas in sample F, Y variable is independent of X variable as no change in Y variable is observed with an increase in X variable and this is evident by a straight trend line. The conclusion drawn as evident by three graphs that number of viable yeast cells were found to decrease with passage of time when concentration of organic content in medium was X in sample E or 3X in sample D that is represented by a slopes in respective graphs. But this effect was found to be lost when organic concentration was raised to 70X in sample F and that is. This experiment supports the hypothesis â€Å" The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content†. If reported literature indicate some other type of experiments done to check the same hypothesis then results are compared and reason of the variations if there are any are discussed with scientific reference and is reported in a scientific journal. Research Methodology Theory accepted Modification in hypothesis Publication in scientific Journals Discarding above hypothesis Supporting above hypothesis Results interpretation Different Hypotheses Data analysis Data collection Experimental design for a given hypothesis Literature reported in related area Identification of Biological Problem Interpretation of data The data that is obtained is interpreted to draw scientific conclusions. The reported literature is used to give explanation of the conclusion drawn. In the light of conclusion drawn either the hypothesis is accepted, rejected or is modified. If the hypothesis is proven correct with experiments, then it is known as a theory. Scientific articles based on proven hypothesis e.g. theory, disapproved or modified hypothesis are written by scientist involved in research and are sent for publication in scientific journals. Biological Problem as an example A school teacher planned an excursion for students and took paramedic staff equipped with sample collection facility to country side area to study the prevalence of any non contiguous disease in human beings and animals. Malaria is an example of non contiguous disease that is spread only by infected female mosquito is malaria and is a matter of great concern. As reported in newspapers and other literature there was a population of 100,000 people living with minimal facilities of life that on a huge natural water reservoir for drinking water. Recent heavy rain resulted in collection of water of stagnant water and much of this water in later stage drained in reservoir. The students prepared a report explaining how did they use biological methodology to study this case. a) Identification of problem Prevalence of certain incidences of disease symptoms similar to malaria in a given locality was identified as a biological problem. Students wrote the following note after referring the literature about malaria to get basic information about disease. Please refer the picture given below and the literature cited in later part of this chapter. From Mala aria ( bad air) to Malaria-over a period of time Malaria has been a matter of concerns since very beginning. Understanding about malaria has changed over a period of time. Initially it was considered to be caused by some supernatural power. Supported with the findings of higher incidences near the marshy area, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air that is found near marshy areas. With the emergence of germ theory malaria by Louis Pasteur (1852-1895) was thought to be caused by any bacteria. It is strongly believed until Charles Louis Alphonse Laveron (1845-1922) during microscopy of Blood from infected patients observed causative agent of malaria in 1880 and later on reported it to Academy of Medicine in Paris. Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1940) who was associated with George Washington University on basis of supporting reports presented the idea that mosquitoes are the mean of transmission of malaria (vector) and discarded the opinion that bad air in marshy area has any role in causing malaria. On basis of his data he suggested that proper netting can help to control the incidences of malaria in Washington. Ronald Ross (1857-1932) was a physician, who studied the life cycle of malarial parasite in mosquites e.g (different stages of parasite infection with a change in morphology) and its transfer to human beings and birds. In 1898 Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) on basis of understanding about malaria obtained by published literature set an experiment to infect a person who never had malaria (with his permission) in an area of Rome where there was not any case of malaria reported and mosquitoes were not found by exposing the person with Anopheles clavigar for ten night and later on patient developed the symptoms. On basis of his experiment he proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes in human beings that carries the causative agent Plasmodium. The complete cycle of P. falciparum was observed by Grassi Bignami and Bastianelli in 1899 and the work has been published by Grassi in 1900. The life cycle of Plasmodium has three reproduction stages with different morphologies (shapes). The mosquitoes inject sporozoites in human being s skin that through blood goes to liver where they multiply and change into Merozoites.The second cycle of multiplication does into RBC. Some of the meroziotes after passing through reproductive cycle in RBC converts into gametocytes (male and female gemates) and enters in gut of mosquitoes when they suck blood from an infected human being where they undergo sexual reproduction to zygote which later on converts Oocyst. Oocyste after under going asexual reproduction burst to release newly formed sporozoites that enters in salivary gland of mosquitoes At the site students made a survey of that area and noted the initial observation with the help of photography. They found that not only human being but also the birds are affected by the disease Initial Findings They found that the reservoir (a) was associated with dark places where high populations of mosquitoes can be seen (b).Beside that a few sick birds were also found resting on ground. Diseased patients report to an increase in high fever with shivering that stays for some times and then fever become low or even normal with sweating or even without it. These symptoms are repeated with intervals and patient feels weakness. Initial findings support that the disease is malaria. b) On the basis of their initial findings the following hypothesis was built up. The disease may be Malaria and is caused by Plasmodium Experimentation Plasmodium infect the red blood cells. In order to established that diseased people are suffering from malaria at least 63 patients having disease were bled to collect blood samples. This type of sample that is under study is called as test sample. Blood were taken from at least 50 healthy who do not have any symptoms of disease. Since these people do not have any symptoms of disease it is very likely that Plasmodium may never be detected in their blood. Such a sample that is known to give a negative test is a called a negative control The blood and water samples were collected in collection tubes specially designed for this purpose. The fixed slides of infected Red Blood Cell (RBC) were purchased from the market and was taken as positive control. (a)The sample was not only collected from human beings but also from the diseased animals as well. That the blood of each sample was spread on a glass slide, fixed and stained with Giemsia and was observed under microscope. (b)Beside that the blood samples from infected people were inoculated (added) in RPMI-1640 medium (name of medium used for the growth of Plasmodium that also contain RBC) present in bottle and were incubated to grow causative agent of the disease under laboratory conditions. The sample from these bottles were observed under microscope for presence of Plasmodium after 72 hours of incubation. Furthermore, the surface water from stagnant regions of reservoir was collected in a container and was assayed for presence of larvae of mosquitoes with help of magnifying glass. Laboratory Safety Procedure All the containers having biological material was heated at 1210 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes to kill every type of living cells before discarding them. The chemical agents were discarded as described in their respective safety manuals Result Microscopy results show that the Red Blood Cell of diseased people were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The causative agent of the disease was successfully found to grow in the medium that supports the growth of Plasmodium (Figure 3) and that was confirmed by microscopy e.g Plasmodium were found in the sample from medium under microscope and slides observed were found similar as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Plasmodium Figure 7 The blood sample after mixing with other reagent (as shown with white arrow indicating towards a tube) is then inoculated into the bottle ( as shown in picture) ( source Nature Protocols courtesy to Nature Publishing Group) The surface water samples that was taken from the stagnant water collected near water reservoir were found of have mosquitoes larvae in large number as is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The results that includes, presence of large number of mosquitoes larvae near the site of outbreak, Plasmodium was found in the infected blood of diseased people, that was successfully grown in the medium and conditions specific confirm that the outbreak is of malaria that was caused by Plasmodium. Skill development to solve a Biological Problem Report A report comprising the incidences of malaria during the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, in three different cities was published in a newspaper. The patient were treated by using drug A and attempt to kill mosquitoes were made by spraying B into environment and adding in water collection. Out of these report related to three cities is given below. In Karachi 530 malarial cases were reported in year of 2002, 534760 in 2003 and 12345668 in 2004 respectively. The mortality reported in these years were 98 in 2002, 120001 in 2003 and 5408889 in 2004.The rain fall recorded in Karachi for year 2002 is 50mm, 2003 is 100 mm and 10,000 mm in 2004.The drug resistance was found in 12 cases in 2002, 60009 cases in 2003 and 9900099 cases in 2004. In 2002, 134 malarial cases were reported in Faisalabad where as in 2003 and 2004 the reported numbers were 1237 and 1379 respectively. The mortality reported in years 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 10, 99, 115 respectively. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 12 mm in 2002, 58 mm in 2003 and 89 mm in 2004.The antimalarial drug resistance was found to be in 2 cases in 2002 , 79 cases in 2003 and 91 cases in 2004. In a similar study that was conducted in Gilgit during these three years, it was found that malaria affected 325 people in 2002, 135 people in 2003 and 350 people in 2004.There were 10 people reported to be died of malarial disease in 2002, 8 people in 2003 and 17 people in 2004. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 130, 120, 105 mm in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The resistance against anti malarial drug found in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 9, 4, 9 respectively. Source ( It is an imaginary situation given with data to help student develop research skills) Research Methodology Step 1 Identification of problem from published literature After reading the above mentioned findings, management of heavy occurrence of malarial disease has been identified as a problem. Step 2 literature search for generating the hypothesis taking malaria as a test case Malaria is a very common infectious disease that is commonly associated with poverty. It is caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium species that is transferred to human being blood circulation system by the vector Anopheles mosquito’s bite(1). Literature show that malarial outbreaks can be related with rainfall in that area (2). Malaria is more common in urban area than in cities. However in Africa it is present in both rural and urban areas (3,4)No literature is available about the relation of malarial incidence with location of the place with height above sea level. The occurrence of malarial outbreak can be related with presence of stagnant water that can support the mosquito survival in populations. Heavy use of anti-malarial drugs and mosquito cidal sprays is reported to produce resistance in the protozoa against commonly used drugs (5). 1) Cox F (2002). History of Human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 595-612. 2) Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S. 2005 An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa. Malar J 4(1): 6. 3) Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P 2005.Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2): 201-8. 4) Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl): 118-27. 5)Rieckmann, K.H.2006 The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(8) 647-662 6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria (The Scientific literature is presented with citation of references as is shown in above paragraph) Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis with help of published literature After reading the reported literature as mentioned above following hypothesis can be deduced. Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Step 4 Experimental design The data for the parameters analyzed was collected by using standard methods e.g. microscopy of infected blood samples at different hospitals and was published in a newspaper as a scientific report. Step 5 Presentation of Raw data The above mentioned data is presented below in tabular form. Karachi Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to anti-malarial drug A 2002 530 98 50 12 2003 534760 120001 100 60009 2004 12345668 5408889 10000 9900099 Average/year 4293652.667 1842996 3383.33 3320040 Faisalabad Year Malarial cases reported Mort