Ipp Essay Research Paper Intellectual Property PiracyIn free essay sample

Ipp Essay, Research Paper Intellectual Property Piracy In today=s society engineering has made life easier and about wholly machine-controlled. You no longer necessitate to travel to a Teller in a bank to lodge, retreat, or even hard currency a cheque. You can even plan a reckoner to work out for the degree Celsius value in an equation in math category. To even exceed things off you no longer necessitate to be at place or around a computing machine to travel on to the cyberspace with promotions in cellular phone engineering. Unfortunately there are drawbacks to the quickly turning field of engineering and computing machines. The cyberspace is doing more and more music, films, games, and 1000s of other package accessible. Most of it is stolen or APIRATED @ , and so put up on the cyberspace for anybody to download and utilize on their Personal computer ( personal computing machine ) . Along the lines there are even plans that let you happen, download, and utilize what you want at no charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipp Essay Research Paper Intellectual Property PiracyIn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To be able to make this hurts or even destroys the discoverers really ain rational belongings and they have the right to do royalties off of their thought, whether it is music, films, games, or even business/personal package. The loss of these belongingss are due to four chief factors, networking, encoding, few or no case in points, and a fast growing, in the Personal computer field. All of which have led rational belongings on the hemorrhage border of the engineering universe but has non wholly eliminated it from the market. Some companies are bettering in those country with better scheduling and encrypting. Besides with the aid of the United States authorities in doing Torahs, criterions, and bureaus wholly focused on this country of engineering. The first issue is networking. Whether its on a local degree such as an intranet or LAN ( local country web ) where merely a few computing machines are networked or connected together and have file sharing entree or as a universe broad factor as the cyberspace or WAN ( broad country web ) . Networking allows multiple usage entree the same information at the same clip. When there is an intranet it is localized to merely a little community such as a concern or local school. However they tend to be nexus or connected to the cyberspace leting entrance and surpassing traffic through the extranet waiter. The extranet waiter gives the LAN entree to the outside universe but besides give the outside universe entree to them. With 100s of 1000s of computing machines linked to each other Gs ( about one billion bytes ) of Gs of informations are shared. To entree this information you need a plan that uses a procedure called FTP ( file transportation protocol ) or HTTP ( hyper text transportation p rotocol ) . Many of these plans are free and come with your Personal computer, such as Microsoft 7 Internet Explorer or Netscape 7 Navigator. With these plans allow anybody that has entree to the cyberspace to position and even download anything they want. As another manner to have informations is through a direct connexion contact via FTP. A really common and popular plan to make this is used for music and is even under reappraisal by the United States federal tribunal system, Napster 7. Napster 7 allows you to log on to a waiter and browse or expression at what other users have on there computing machine and download anything at one time. As of the thirteenth of November twelvemonth two thousand there are seven thousand, nine hundred and five Gs of informations and is comprised of 1,907,942 vocals being shared at any user=s petition ( Napster client v2.0beta 7 ) . Some of those vocals might be free to portion but that is merely at the artist consent, but all other vocals and creat ive persons lose their right to royalties and lose money. However non all creative person are against the thought of sharing this manner, they merely work around it. Some sets are seting secret vocals on there albums and non seting them on the list of vocals on the album or doing the album an synergistic album with the aid of SONY=s CD EXTRA. These are merely a few ways that artist protecting them egos against the cyberspace. Along with networking jobs comes encoding and protecting your digital and rational belongings. Technology is doing it easier to pack, mass multiply, and administer a merchandise. Besides with the entire slice out of eight path cassette tape and long drama record, music has converted over to Cadmiums ( compact phonograph record ) . Cadmiums are in digital format what are composed purely zeros and 1s. Now that CDRW ( compact phonograph record rhenium write ) thrusts have been released anybody can copy any Cadmium they wish. Besides along the lines of copying Cadmiums there is package that lets anybody convert Cadmium sound into a low infinite format mat called MP3 ( Mpeg 3 bed ) , and can utilize the same plan to play the vocal with out the Cadmium. With this capableness you can merchandise, sell, and even merely give away the music with out the creative person acquiring one penny of royalty. Some Cadmium industries are coding their merchandises to protect their informations. Another type of buccaneering of rational DVD ( digital versatile/video phonograph record ) ripping. A DV D is non a wholly the same as a Cadmium, it takes a particular thrust that reads the different beds on the phonograph record, and transfers the information a faster velocity. Besides a different thrust, the phonograph record infinite capacity of a DVD is about 10 times the size of the mean Cadmium. With these alterations and a high encoding format a individual is non able to copy a DVD on to a Cadmium, but you can rend the film. To rend the film means to copy the image in a lower quality and different format that the DVD comes on. There is package that allows you to rend a film that is seven Gs in a film that is about 600 Ms ( about six hundred million bytes ) in a Divx format. The quality of this format is really good and really fast but non every bit good as DVD. One of the job with holding an thought digitalized is that there are really few Torahs sing the protection of an thought that is electronically produced. In the latest intelligence sing electronic right of first publication Napster is at the top of the list. Napster is one of the first companies to be charged with electronic buccaneering. They are being sued by many creative person and their record labels, and Napster is puting a prevision in the file sharing of music over the cyberspace. Napster wrote a plan that allow their users to log into a waiter that is located in California, and hunt, position, and so download each others files at that minute. This procedure wholly cut out the in-between adult male of the record label, and besides cutting off the consent to the creative person. Besides losing the consent of the creative person, the users are go forthing out the royalties that are paid to the creative person for their work and thought. The job with the cyberspace and file sharing is that there is a batch of land that has to be explored because the country is so new. It is besides a booming market and concern topographic point, but still has a batch of development and growing. With the growing of the new market country at that place has merely been a few case in points set in to topographic point and criterions really from state to state. What may be illegal in one state might be wholly legal in another, such as drink and buying intoxicant in the United States one must be of the age of 20 one, where in Europe the common age is 16. The cyberspace allows people to setup waiter in multiple states where it is legal and wholly accessible all over the universe, and allows them to host something that might be illegal in their place state. Unfortunately states set thier ain case in points, criterions, and Torahs that consequence the whole universe, but the Godheads of the music, package, or film will hold to travel to protect their merchandise better. One of the ground for the deficiency of jurisprudence is that the rapid growing of the computing machine industry, for it is merely 20 old ages old. The computing machine field is invariably turning and altering before any Torahs can be made. Computers programers are ever seeking to do plans easier, faster, and more low-cost for consumers. However there are plans known as AHACKERS @ that there accomplishments are harbored in being able to check or interrupt the codification that makes up the plans that many consumers want. They work merely to see if they can check the codification as a shake. Unfortunately it is going easier and easier to go a AHACKER @ with out cognizing who to even cognize how to plan or write machine codification. There is more and more package being developed to change over music to MP3s, rake DVDs into DIVX format, and CDRW package that allows to make a Cadmium in merely a few proceedingss. With these plans being produced it allows anybody make what the professi onals know how to make at the easy of point and click interface. However the plans are a menace the major developers of music, package, and films where merely they have the popular merchandises that everybody wants. But the major developers are in the cutting border of networking, encoding, and growing. Intellectual belongings buccaneering is a serious and financially violative offense. It helps increase the retail monetary value of music, package, and films. It is lead by the growing of engineering and the deficiency of Torahs against it. Equally long as there are people looking for a manner out of paying for something there will be rational belongings buccaneering. What is needed to be done is better security and encoding for digital informations, harsher Torahs, and an internet criterion for all states. ADigital usage of films flickers free address battle in case @ 7Aug 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/headlines/20000807dvdsuit1.asp KopyKatz hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kopykatz.com 13 Nov 2000 Napster. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.napster.com/win/download/ 13 Nov 2000 ANapster may be the King of Gross saless Spin @ 9 Nov 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/interact/20001109radin.asp Oz, Effy. Management Information System. Cambridge, MA: Course 2000 AVideo on demand: Any DVD film can be copied, sent online @ 6 Aug 2000http: //www.post # 64979 ; gazette.com/businessnews/20000806interact7.asp

The Importance and Advantages of English Essays

The Importance and Advantages of English Essays The Importance and Advantages of English Essay The Importance and Advantages of English Essay THE IMPORTANCE AND ADVANTAGES OF ENGLISH Once there was a popular quote saying that â€Å"The sun never set on the British Empire†. This statement is very close to the truth. Because of the geographic spread of the British colonies, some territory somewhere was always in daylight hours. Chief among many legacies left behind by this British colonization is none other than the English language. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many English speakers there are, but according to one estimate there are more than 350 million native English speakers. But more of interest to us is the fact that there are more than 400 million speakers of English as a second language. However, even these numbers do not really indicate how important English is as a world language, because less than 15% of the population uses English. At the same time English is not the most widely spoken language in the world in terms of number of native speakers. For example there are many more Chinese speakers than English speakers, but Chinese is used very little outside of Chinese communities making English the most widespread language in the world. The importance of English is not just in how many people speak it but what it is used for. English is the major language for news and information in the world. It is the language of business and government even in some countries where it is the minority language. It is the language of international air traffic control and maritime communication. American popular culture, primarily movies and music carries this language throughout the world. In some countries other than the United Kingdom English is the sole or dominant native language. It has that role in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. This is no surprise as all these countries are former British colonies. In other countries English is also the widely used, particularly among people who have no other language in common, even though it is not the dominant language of the country. For example, English is widely used n Hong Kong, Singapore, Nigeria, the Philippines, and here in Malaysia too. In such countries it is often used as a means of communication between people who have different native languages. Even here in Sunway University, we have among our population students from all over the world. Our mother tongues are all different and unique. How can we get by if not for English? In fact will we even be able to study in this university if not for the common language of English? Along side being here to pursue their chosen fields, the students’ proficiency and command of the English language will improve. Why study in English when one can study in ones own mother tongue? The answer is simple: because English has an impact by way of enhancing ones career prospects. The â€Å"global village† is a term widely tossed around in the increasingly borderless business world. As a result, developing countries do not want to miss out on business opportunities and foreign investments with better developed countries and better established companies. In order to keep up, they need an English speaking work force. This means today’s primary, middle, senior, and university students must prepare for a job in an English speaking work environment. A graduate who can converse in English fluently will therefore stand a far better chance of landing a job in a multi-national company then one who can speak only his or her native language, because English has, over time, proven itself as the major language of international business, diplomacy and science. English is also an official, or the official language, of many international organizations including the United Nations and many professional organizations. It is frequently the language of international conferences and it is the language of international athletics. Throughout the world many professional papers are published in English. Even papers that are published in other languages often have abstracts in English. As a student I have already realized that text books for many specialized subjects are available only in English. Demonstrating it has now become impossible to alienate ourselves from gaining competency in English. The banner â€Å"World Wide Web†- (WWW) : in the New York Times puts in place the importance of English in this ever evolving world that is beginning to be dominated by the internet, and even more so by computers and information technology. There is now increasing talk of the digital divide between those who can maximize the resources available digitally and those who can’t, especially those who have excess to the World Wide Web, but do not have sufficient proficiency in English. Three quarters of all telex messages and telegrams are sent in English. It has been said that 60% of the worlds radio broadcast and 70% of the worlds mail are in English. 80% of computer date are processed and stored in English. Much satellite communication is carried in English. Believe it or not it is estimated that 94% of internet sites are being written in English. Further more English remains the primary language for computer programming. English is the language that millions use everyday in speaking, writing and general communication but few people will do it well. Getting ones English into shape for serious academic study will no doubt be hard work especially for those of us who do not speak English as our mother tongue. It may not be an enjoyable process but inevitably compulsory because no matter how well you know or may think you know your subject area without the right level of fluency n English you shall struggle to pass your course. As it has been presented it can be concluded that English is a widespread and important language in the world today. It is used for everything from international conferences, news reports to popular music lyrics and popular video games. It is binding cord between native and non native speakers. Even though it does not have the greatest number of speakers in the world it is the most widely used language in the world. And it will be used by many more generations to come.

Staffing and defining an arts organization Assignment

Staffing and defining an arts organization - Assignment Example that â€Å"Our main reason for being is to create theatre productions that reflect the Canadian experience of the past, present and future† (What we do, n. d.). The mission statement of the organization rest upon the values, which is expressed as- â€Å"we are very active in play development as a means of supporting Canadian playwrights and building the repertoire of Canadian plays† (What we do, n. d.). The director is more responsible for the artistic activities of the organization rather than engaging in the day to day activities of the organization. He must have the vision that the plays staged by the organization must be unique and uphold the values of the organization enunciated by the founder. He must be a person of long term vision as the organization’s future id relied upon how competent he is in keeping the studio upfront of similar organizations. Similarly, he must have good managerial abilities and leadership qualities as he is the person responsible for coordinating the whole activities of the organization. He should have a good foresight and motivational qualities. He must motivate the entire people in the organization so that the objectives can be

Math Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math Education - Essay Example First, have the students place each M&M into a line of 15. As they place each M&M down, have them count, â€Å"1†¦ 2†¦ 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. Once they have counted to 15 and placed down each of the 15 M&M’s have them count the M&M’s again while pointing to each one to reiterate the notion that each one M&M they point to corresponds with one number they count. The order irrelevance rule can be introduced by having children count the M&M’s from 1 to 15, going backwards from right to left instead of the usual left to right. Although they are counting the M&M’s in a different order than before, they count the same way: â€Å"1†¦ 2†¦ 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. To reiterate this rule, have students group the M&M’s by color. Have them start counting with the reds one time, have them start counting with blue’s the next time, and so forth. No matter what order they count the M&M’s, it’s always the same. In order to understand the cardinality rule, students need to learn that by counting properly in order, the last number they count to represents the total number of things they just counted. This can be accomplished by having students count the 15 M&M’s: â€Å"1†¦ 2†¦ 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬  etc. and after the reach the final, 15th M&M, ask them how many M&M’s there are on their desk. The answer is the same as the last number they counted: 15. This process can be repeated by taking an M&M away each time so that there are totals of 14, 13, 12 and 11. To assess students’ ability to count rationally, ask students to count with you to 15. Count slowly, so that everybody can stay at the same pace. Every couple of numbers, don’t say the next number; instead cue the students to say the appropriate number. Repeat this process several times, leaving numbers out each time. Next, have students sit on the floor in a straight line, and stand up when pointed at. As you point to each kid they should say one number each, starting at 1 and

The History of the Railroads Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The History of the Railroads - Research Paper Example Smith’s theory that propagated dependence of individualism that oozed out of the nation at this time period. Capitalism is a spectacular form in which societies are created. Capitalism is based on market democracy in which consumer spending is a vital component of driving the economy of supply and demand. One of the reasons why the American economy thrives is due to the spending ability of the middle class in this country. Compared to other nations, American families, in contrast, are able to afford more products on a grand scale than most countries around the globe. In essence, capitalism defined America. America’s obsession with Industrial began with Slater’s mills in which textiles became the primary market to produce. Although it may seem a new age, most workers were orphans or children who owed the debt to the nation. The drive of capitalism for this country relied on many factors that included slavery, turned raw goods into products, factories, and the abil ity to produce such a drastic workforce. Jefferson understood and acknowledged this problem. He feared that America could not be properly industrialized due to the fact that it would not attract workers. Hence, the need to build factories around villages became critical components towards the move to industrialize America. ...The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled the United States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land that extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States border. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to the development of the United States. The south had to dramatically shift its economy to tobacco and cotton to agriculture. In the north, corn supply was enhanced along with the focus on producing textiles. Cities such as New York and C hicago became the top commerce cities that built its economic empire due to the industrial revolution. The creation of the Erie Canal became the hallmark of water commerce that enabled America to lower shipping costs of raw goods from nation to nation. In midst of all this, Chicago became America’s fresh water supply and became a fur trading port for all entrepreneurs. With all these factors accumulating, the need to invent railroads became extremely crucial. The United States quest to become the â€Å"Steel giant† was pivotal for the development and the expansion of railroads. Railroads were the internet at this particular time period as it literally transformed the dynamic economic commerce of the nation. Building the first transcontinental railroad meant steel, a drastic labor force, expanding towards the West and cooperating with the natives. A key element that should not be focused that dramatically eased the way for capitalism is the fact that public infrastructu re dominated the scene during this era.

Malaria: Causes, Effects and Cures

Malaria: Causes, Effects and Cures Solving a Biological Problem Summary The chapter is about the methodology that is involved in exploring some understanding toward solving a biological problem while doing research in quest. With citation of example of malaria as a problem along with historical stage involved towards gradual understanding related to its causes leading to the findings to its cure and preventions, an attempt was made to present the approach that has been involved in addressing the scientific issues in past. A practical approach that is possible to conduct practically at school level to get the students introduced with research at elementary level and built up some interest in students has been presented in the following chapter. Mathematical and statistical tools that are needed in research have been introduced to analyze the data obtained by using research methodology (hypothetical) to arrive on conclusions about certain aspects of the issues related to malaria to accept, discard or modify the hypothesis on a scientific query. Introduction The human being started putting efforts to explore the world around him right from very beginning. The history is full of examples that show that early human being somehow recorded their opinion about different thing. With passage of time, human beings learnt to evaluate the correctness of their thoughts and opinion on any scientific issue, by setting some experiments, drawing conclusion (hypothesis) based on results, verification of hypothesis by other experiments and reporting it. Research methodology is latest approach involving these procedures to address a scientific problem. Steps involved in Biological Research Procedure Identification of a problem Sufferings of mankind that includes diseases, scarcity of food shelter, utilities etc or related matters are the existing problems from biological origin. To initiate research in an area a problem in a particular area is identified. There can be a wide range of problems e.g. an approach to find a cure for newly emerging disease, find a more effective drug for a curable disease, increase the shelf life of a product etc. Generation of hypothesis Available understanding on an issue that is published in scientific journals is used to draw logical opinion, hypothesis, underlying the biological processes and indicate possibilities that can lead to the management of the problem. There are often more than one hypothesis available for a given scientific query. Usually one hypothesis is being testified by given experiments. (a) Shelf life of chadder cheese increases with increase in number of yeast cells present into it. (b) Quality of spinach deteriorates with increase in rate of transpiration. (c) The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content. Laboratory safety Procedures Every type of biological experimentation should comply with necessary safety procedures that ensures the safety of professionals involved in conducting the experiments and other people. That includes use of special clothing e.g. coats, gloves head cover spectacles etc. All the biological material is carried or grown in specially designed containers that ensure no risk for leakage that can be hazards for other people who can come in contact. All the biological material is heated at 121oC under pressure at 15 psi to kill all type of cells before discarding it whereas chemical agents are discarded as mentioned in safety manuals. Experiment Design Experimentation is a practical approach for investigation a scientific query leading to generation of observations called data. A same question can be investigated by using different experimental approaches. The selection of an experimental design mainly depends upon time required, extent of precision, availability of resources etc. Each experiment design has got some limitations and it is important to ensure that the selected experiment design can optimize for investigating the required scientific query. Each experiment is design by usually changing a variable. In order to test a given hypothesis, experiments are set, usually in triplicate and experiments are repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility of the data. To avoid adding error in the data it is important to set negative and positive control for a given experiment. Positive control has an ingredient instead of ingredient to be test that should positive result when is added in the reagents and processed as per standard method of experiment in given conditions. On other hand Negative control is set same as positive control but has water or other solvent added instead of reagent to be tested. It is very important that selection of sample that is used in the experiment should be random. It is important to ensure that all the experiments should be done at the same conditions. All those factors that can contribute to add errors should be taken care of. Data Collection and analysis Observations can be collected after completion of experiments or while they are in progress depending on nature of experiments. The data is not always a integral values but can be visual observations that can be recorded by photography. The data is usually recorded with appropriate units in tabular form. This is known as raw data. Every data has some error added into it. Mathematic and statistics an integral part of Biological Analysis The observations that are collected as numerical value after experiments comprise raw data. Mathematical or statistical methods are used to minimize the effect of errors present into it the raw data. The most widely and commonly statistical method that is used to decrease error in data is finding an average in any given readings. Beside that mathematical or statistical tools are used to deduce a logical ground based on numerical value to support, modify or discard any scientific opinion (hypothesis) that is built up on earlier reported scientific findings Use of ratio proportion and percentage Data is analyzed by using mathematical or statistical tools, most commonly that are used include ratio and percentage, for finding an effect of changing a variable on other parameters in a given set of condition. If a numerical variable ‘a’ represents intensity of a biological event that needs to be compared with intensity of another similar event represented by numerical variable ‘b’ then ratios are taken out Ratio between intensity of two biological events = a (equation 1) b In order to represent this comparison on scale of 100, percentage of ratio between variables are taken out The general formula for percentage is given as below %= Ratio between two numerical variable x100(equation 2) Substitute equation 1 in general formula of percentage as shown by equation 2 Percent % (ratio between intensity of two biological events) ={ a }x 100 (eq 3) b Usually biological data can comprise of in a range of very small value to very large and hence it is important to convert it on Log10. The general formula for expressing any numerical variable is shown by equation 4 as follow Number(N) on Log 10 scale= Log10(N) (equation 4) Substitute equation 3 into equation 4 Log 10(ratio between intensity of two biological events) =Log10 { a x 100}(eq 5) b Technical limitation associated with use of Log10 scale While expressing any data on Log10 the difficulty arises when it is needed to express integral 0 on Log10 scale (Log10(0)=infinity). In order to cope with this difficulty 1 or any fraction of number that falls within permissible limit of error (10 scale. In later stages the data can easily be plotted on any type of graphs as discussed in later part of this chapter. Significance of error in decision making and predictions on biological data Every data collected has certain extent of error present into it depending upon experimentation design, procedures and method of taking observations. This error needs to be evaluated before using the data for testing any hypothesis, decision making or predictions. It is defined as tentative variation on negative and positive scale in a set of observations from actual value. The actual numerical value of a biological effect is (B). An experiment was done to note this biological effect. The experiment was repeated N times e.g. (N1 N2 N3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Nt) to showing observations B as (B1 B2 B3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt) respectively. The first stage in calculation the error is to find an average The general formula for Average is Average = sum of numerical values of individual observation eq 6 Number of times the observation was taken Substitute the values in equation 6 Average ={B1+ B2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt} eq 7 {Nt} Sum of values of observations ={B1+ B2+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Bt}is shown by S{B} No of times the experiment was repeated {Nt} ={N} Substitute the value in equations in equation 7 Average= S{B} equation 8 {N} Lets value of Average be represented by X Substitute in equation 7 Average = X Second stage is to find the difference between each numerical value of observation and Average = B1-X, B2-XBt-X, Third stage is to square each of the difference =B1-X)2,(B2-X)2, (B3-X)2(Bt-X)2 Fourth stage is to add the square of differences =(B1-X)2+(B2-X)2+(Bt-X)2 Fifth stage is to divide square sum of difference of average of individual numerical variable with number of observations e.g N =S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,†¦..(Bt-X)2 N Standard deviation or Error is obtained by taking square root of the quotient obtained by dividing the square sum of difference between the average and the individual numerical variable with number of observations. =√S(B1-X)2,( B2-X)2,†¦..(Bt-X)2 N It is an integral value that is expressed, as on negative as well as positive scale e.g if error calculated is 3 then it would be +3 as well as –3. It represents a range within which actual value may lie. In olden days, such calculations were done with the help of calculator but now same work can be done more easily by using different software e.g. excel with computer as a tool. It is often very different to understand the effect underlying in any biological data by merely looking at numerical values. The different types of graphs are used for visual presentation of effect by trends available in data The most commonly types of graphs that are used for the presentation of data are given in figure 2.The same data for different sample e.g. A, B, C is presented on percentage scale by using horizontal and vertical bars whereas error is shown by error bars .Another set of data for sample D, E, F was presented by line graph. Data analysis to decide the status of hypothesis After the mathematical and statistical treatment of raw data a logical ground built up by comparing certain numerical values or more often represented on graphs to accept, modify or reject any hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis â€Å"The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic, 100 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated in same volume in mediums with concentration as X, 3X and 70X respectively to make final concentration of each medium as 100 cells/ml.(Sample D contains 3X concentration medium, Sample E contains X concentration and Sample F contains 70X concentration). The medium were kept at 600C for 1104hours and cells were assayed for viability after 10 hrs, 100, hours, 1000hrs and 10000 hrs respectively. The viability being dependent value was plotted on a graph Y axis against the time in hours after expressing the value on Log 10 scale. Different data points taken on the graph are sufficiently scattered and can not be joined by a straight line accommodating all the point on it. The trend line can be drawn manually by accommodating maximum number of points and leaving as many point above the line as many are there below that line. Such a manually drawn line can not be used for any type of scientific predictions. Otherwise highly precise trend line for a given data can be drawn as explained in section given in the end of the chapter that can be used for making decisions on a given hypothesis and for making predictions. The error bars extending on positive as well as negative scale in same magnitude of Y scale is plotted against each observation. The observation that were taken in this experiment are shown as graphs in Figure 2 e.g. Sample D, E and F were presented by using line graphs on Log 10 scale. The trend lines are introduced to show the type of dependency of one parameter on another. As already discussed earlier the biological data is often presented on Log 10 scale to observe the effects in broader prospective and ignore the slight changes especially when study is made on larger populations of samples e.g. cells with a wide range of variations. The data show that sample D and E has got similar trend (with an increase in variable on X axis, there is a decrease on Y axis variable, Y axis is dependent on x axis and is inversely proportional to it) whereas in sample F, Y variable is independent of X variable as no change in Y variable is observed with an increase in X variable and this is evident by a straight trend line. The conclusion drawn as evident by three graphs that number of viable yeast cells were found to decrease with passage of time when concentration of organic content in medium was X in sample E or 3X in sample D that is represented by a slopes in respective graphs. But this effect was found to be lost when organic concentration was raised to 70X in sample F and that is. This experiment supports the hypothesis â€Å" The rate of decrease in microbial population in a food sample in response of heat treatment at 600C is inversely proportional to its total organic content†. If reported literature indicate some other type of experiments done to check the same hypothesis then results are compared and reason of the variations if there are any are discussed with scientific reference and is reported in a scientific journal. Research Methodology Theory accepted Modification in hypothesis Publication in scientific Journals Discarding above hypothesis Supporting above hypothesis Results interpretation Different Hypotheses Data analysis Data collection Experimental design for a given hypothesis Literature reported in related area Identification of Biological Problem Interpretation of data The data that is obtained is interpreted to draw scientific conclusions. The reported literature is used to give explanation of the conclusion drawn. In the light of conclusion drawn either the hypothesis is accepted, rejected or is modified. If the hypothesis is proven correct with experiments, then it is known as a theory. Scientific articles based on proven hypothesis e.g. theory, disapproved or modified hypothesis are written by scientist involved in research and are sent for publication in scientific journals. Biological Problem as an example A school teacher planned an excursion for students and took paramedic staff equipped with sample collection facility to country side area to study the prevalence of any non contiguous disease in human beings and animals. Malaria is an example of non contiguous disease that is spread only by infected female mosquito is malaria and is a matter of great concern. As reported in newspapers and other literature there was a population of 100,000 people living with minimal facilities of life that on a huge natural water reservoir for drinking water. Recent heavy rain resulted in collection of water of stagnant water and much of this water in later stage drained in reservoir. The students prepared a report explaining how did they use biological methodology to study this case. a) Identification of problem Prevalence of certain incidences of disease symptoms similar to malaria in a given locality was identified as a biological problem. Students wrote the following note after referring the literature about malaria to get basic information about disease. Please refer the picture given below and the literature cited in later part of this chapter. From Mala aria ( bad air) to Malaria-over a period of time Malaria has been a matter of concerns since very beginning. Understanding about malaria has changed over a period of time. Initially it was considered to be caused by some supernatural power. Supported with the findings of higher incidences near the marshy area, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air that is found near marshy areas. With the emergence of germ theory malaria by Louis Pasteur (1852-1895) was thought to be caused by any bacteria. It is strongly believed until Charles Louis Alphonse Laveron (1845-1922) during microscopy of Blood from infected patients observed causative agent of malaria in 1880 and later on reported it to Academy of Medicine in Paris. Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1940) who was associated with George Washington University on basis of supporting reports presented the idea that mosquitoes are the mean of transmission of malaria (vector) and discarded the opinion that bad air in marshy area has any role in causing malaria. On basis of his data he suggested that proper netting can help to control the incidences of malaria in Washington. Ronald Ross (1857-1932) was a physician, who studied the life cycle of malarial parasite in mosquites e.g (different stages of parasite infection with a change in morphology) and its transfer to human beings and birds. In 1898 Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) on basis of understanding about malaria obtained by published literature set an experiment to infect a person who never had malaria (with his permission) in an area of Rome where there was not any case of malaria reported and mosquitoes were not found by exposing the person with Anopheles clavigar for ten night and later on patient developed the symptoms. On basis of his experiment he proved that malaria is spread by mosquitoes in human beings that carries the causative agent Plasmodium. The complete cycle of P. falciparum was observed by Grassi Bignami and Bastianelli in 1899 and the work has been published by Grassi in 1900. The life cycle of Plasmodium has three reproduction stages with different morphologies (shapes). The mosquitoes inject sporozoites in human being s skin that through blood goes to liver where they multiply and change into Merozoites.The second cycle of multiplication does into RBC. Some of the meroziotes after passing through reproductive cycle in RBC converts into gametocytes (male and female gemates) and enters in gut of mosquitoes when they suck blood from an infected human being where they undergo sexual reproduction to zygote which later on converts Oocyst. Oocyste after under going asexual reproduction burst to release newly formed sporozoites that enters in salivary gland of mosquitoes At the site students made a survey of that area and noted the initial observation with the help of photography. They found that not only human being but also the birds are affected by the disease Initial Findings They found that the reservoir (a) was associated with dark places where high populations of mosquitoes can be seen (b).Beside that a few sick birds were also found resting on ground. Diseased patients report to an increase in high fever with shivering that stays for some times and then fever become low or even normal with sweating or even without it. These symptoms are repeated with intervals and patient feels weakness. Initial findings support that the disease is malaria. b) On the basis of their initial findings the following hypothesis was built up. The disease may be Malaria and is caused by Plasmodium Experimentation Plasmodium infect the red blood cells. In order to established that diseased people are suffering from malaria at least 63 patients having disease were bled to collect blood samples. This type of sample that is under study is called as test sample. Blood were taken from at least 50 healthy who do not have any symptoms of disease. Since these people do not have any symptoms of disease it is very likely that Plasmodium may never be detected in their blood. Such a sample that is known to give a negative test is a called a negative control The blood and water samples were collected in collection tubes specially designed for this purpose. The fixed slides of infected Red Blood Cell (RBC) were purchased from the market and was taken as positive control. (a)The sample was not only collected from human beings but also from the diseased animals as well. That the blood of each sample was spread on a glass slide, fixed and stained with Giemsia and was observed under microscope. (b)Beside that the blood samples from infected people were inoculated (added) in RPMI-1640 medium (name of medium used for the growth of Plasmodium that also contain RBC) present in bottle and were incubated to grow causative agent of the disease under laboratory conditions. The sample from these bottles were observed under microscope for presence of Plasmodium after 72 hours of incubation. Furthermore, the surface water from stagnant regions of reservoir was collected in a container and was assayed for presence of larvae of mosquitoes with help of magnifying glass. Laboratory Safety Procedure All the containers having biological material was heated at 1210 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes to kill every type of living cells before discarding them. The chemical agents were discarded as described in their respective safety manuals Result Microscopy results show that the Red Blood Cell of diseased people were found to be infected with Plasmodium. The causative agent of the disease was successfully found to grow in the medium that supports the growth of Plasmodium (Figure 3) and that was confirmed by microscopy e.g Plasmodium were found in the sample from medium under microscope and slides observed were found similar as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Plasmodium Figure 7 The blood sample after mixing with other reagent (as shown with white arrow indicating towards a tube) is then inoculated into the bottle ( as shown in picture) ( source Nature Protocols courtesy to Nature Publishing Group) The surface water samples that was taken from the stagnant water collected near water reservoir were found of have mosquitoes larvae in large number as is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The results that includes, presence of large number of mosquitoes larvae near the site of outbreak, Plasmodium was found in the infected blood of diseased people, that was successfully grown in the medium and conditions specific confirm that the outbreak is of malaria that was caused by Plasmodium. Skill development to solve a Biological Problem Report A report comprising the incidences of malaria during the years 2002, 2003 and 2004, in three different cities was published in a newspaper. The patient were treated by using drug A and attempt to kill mosquitoes were made by spraying B into environment and adding in water collection. Out of these report related to three cities is given below. In Karachi 530 malarial cases were reported in year of 2002, 534760 in 2003 and 12345668 in 2004 respectively. The mortality reported in these years were 98 in 2002, 120001 in 2003 and 5408889 in 2004.The rain fall recorded in Karachi for year 2002 is 50mm, 2003 is 100 mm and 10,000 mm in 2004.The drug resistance was found in 12 cases in 2002, 60009 cases in 2003 and 9900099 cases in 2004. In 2002, 134 malarial cases were reported in Faisalabad where as in 2003 and 2004 the reported numbers were 1237 and 1379 respectively. The mortality reported in years 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 10, 99, 115 respectively. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 12 mm in 2002, 58 mm in 2003 and 89 mm in 2004.The antimalarial drug resistance was found to be in 2 cases in 2002 , 79 cases in 2003 and 91 cases in 2004. In a similar study that was conducted in Gilgit during these three years, it was found that malaria affected 325 people in 2002, 135 people in 2003 and 350 people in 2004.There were 10 people reported to be died of malarial disease in 2002, 8 people in 2003 and 17 people in 2004. The annual rainfall reported in these years were 130, 120, 105 mm in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The resistance against anti malarial drug found in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 9, 4, 9 respectively. Source ( It is an imaginary situation given with data to help student develop research skills) Research Methodology Step 1 Identification of problem from published literature After reading the above mentioned findings, management of heavy occurrence of malarial disease has been identified as a problem. Step 2 literature search for generating the hypothesis taking malaria as a test case Malaria is a very common infectious disease that is commonly associated with poverty. It is caused by protozoan parasites Plasmodium species that is transferred to human being blood circulation system by the vector Anopheles mosquito’s bite(1). Literature show that malarial outbreaks can be related with rainfall in that area (2). Malaria is more common in urban area than in cities. However in Africa it is present in both rural and urban areas (3,4)No literature is available about the relation of malarial incidence with location of the place with height above sea level. The occurrence of malarial outbreak can be related with presence of stagnant water that can support the mosquito survival in populations. Heavy use of anti-malarial drugs and mosquito cidal sprays is reported to produce resistance in the protozoa against commonly used drugs (5). 1) Cox F (2002). History of Human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (4): 595-612. 2) Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S. 2005 An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa. Malar J 4(1): 6. 3) Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P 2005.Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 (2): 201-8. 4) Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B 2004. Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl): 118-27. 5)Rieckmann, K.H.2006 The chequered history of malaria control: are new and better tools the ultimate answer? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(8) 647-662 6) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria (The Scientific literature is presented with citation of references as is shown in above paragraph) Step 3 Deduction of hypothesis with help of published literature After reading the reported literature as mentioned above following hypothesis can be deduced. Incidence of malaria is dependent on amount of rainfall probably through collection of stagnant water Step 4 Experimental design The data for the parameters analyzed was collected by using standard methods e.g. microscopy of infected blood samples at different hospitals and was published in a newspaper as a scientific report. Step 5 Presentation of Raw data The above mentioned data is presented below in tabular form. Karachi Year Malarial cases reported Mortality Rainfall (mm) No of resistant cases to anti-malarial drug A 2002 530 98 50 12 2003 534760 120001 100 60009 2004 12345668 5408889 10000 9900099 Average/year 4293652.667 1842996 3383.33 3320040 Faisalabad Year Malarial cases reported Mort

Canadian Law Enforcement Essay -- Technology, Tasers

â€Å"Taser Changes go Ahead†, an article published in the Alberta News in February, indicates that the RCMP is moving forward and will be instituting some previously described changes into its 2011 Police Manual framework. The framework is currently being reviewed and will later be reviewed and approved by the Albertan Solicitor General. The 16 recommendations made by the Braidwood inquiry, including yearly re-trainings, monthly quality and adherence audits, as well as updated procedures based on the minimization of any potentially adverse health effects to the subject, should be reflected in the final version of the manual for 2011. This establishment of the project by the Alberta Solicitor General demonstrates a significant attempt towards improvement over previous perspectives on the dangers of Conductive Energy Weapons, commonly known as Tasers. As a result, it is clear that improvements to the issues of adverse health effects, design flaws within the device itself and po lice policies must be instituted within the Canadian society. The issue of Conductive Energy Devices (CED), synonymously known as Conductive Energy Weapons (CEW), has been at the forefront since the introduction of the devices to the Canadian Market in 2001. The device most popularly known as a Taser has been allegedly responsible for numerous deaths caused by excessive use, flaws in the design, and lack of police training. Moreover, since the increased media coverage of the issue by non profit organizations such as Amnesty International, which began in late 2007, and the Canadian Civil Liberities Association in 2010 the use of such weapons has undergone significant change within the implementation of the device by police, codes of conduct governing CED equipp... ... number of Taser reported issues in the past decade. In conclusion, it is clear that albeit the Taser technology in its infant stage encountered many problems the fact that such a technology has not been taken off the market stands as a testament to its utility to law enforcement agencies worldwide. Furthermore, albeit the problem is complicated, time sensitive and requires significant mobilization of state resources and public participation as well as deaths of innocent civilians the issue is resolvable. As occurred in the past history of Taser failures the technology can and will be revamped whilst the society must catch up to fully optimize its utilization of the technology to achieve its goal. In the case of Tasers it is to provide a non lethal alternative to apprehend suspects, saving lives every step of the way, suspect and innocent alike.

Biography of Christopher Bruce Essay

Christopher Bruce was born on the 3rd of October 1945 in England, he started studying dancing at 11 years old, and he began with tap and ballet. After studying at the Rambert School Christopher Bruce joined Rambert Ballet in 1963, where he quickly became the leading male dancer. Bruce appeared in works such as Don Quixote in 1964 and Coppelia in 1966. Then the company began to experiment with ballet and modern, combining them to form, specifically the Martha Graham technique. (Martha Graham created 181 ballets and a dance technique that has been compared to ballet in its scope and magnitude. Many of the great modern and ballet choreographers have studied the Martha Graham Technique or have been members of her company.) When Bruce danced the role of Pierrot Lunaire, his own interpretive skills were noticed. Bruce was â€Å"dominating everything- practically living the part†. Bruce then worked with Glen Tetley, he discovered that â€Å"the motive for the movement comes from the centre of the body†¦ from this base we use classical ballet as an extension to give wider range and variety of movement† In 1977 he was appointed associate director of the company and was its associate choreographer from 1979-87, he created over twenty works for the company. Between 1986-91 he acted as associate choreographer also for London Festival Ballet, later ENB, and resident choreographer for Houston Ballet in 1989. In 1994 he became artistic director for RDC. Often political in his work, he integrates classical ballet and modern dance, often set against popular music by artists like Bob Dylan, Rolling Stones. His productions include ‘Cruel Garden’, 1977, ‘Ghost Dances’, 1981, ‘Swansong’, 1987, and ‘Rooster’, 1991. Influences Social and political themes emerge as naturally as a reflection of his own concerns, although his aim is always firstly to create a piece of dance, rather than to make a statement. Nevertheless, he does not see a conflict between creating interesting movement and tackling difficult issues. He believes that there is much beauty in Ghost Dances and similar works. Bruce is typically known for using themes that focus on personal or political issues. He has created abstract pieces but even these have a strong undercurrent of emotion. Bruce uses a wide range of starting points, particularly poetry, literature, music, newspaper articles and world events. For example ‘†¦for those who die in cattle’ reflects his views and concerns of war, ‘rooster’ is his idea of relationships, ‘swansong’ is probably one of his most moving and emotional pieces and tackles the very serious issue of torture. His views on the general human condition are portrayed in ‘waiting’. Throughout his career, Christopher has been a strong supporter of Amnesty International’s ideas and through his choreography he has voiced his concerns for society, the persecuted and victims of a wide range of human rights abuses. Time and again he has returned to these themes and in his most recent work â€Å"grinning in your face†, these concerns are articulated as powerfully as ever. The Arts have an important role to play in exploring social issues and dance can be seen as the most human of the Arts as it is based on the body. The image of the tortured prisoner from â€Å"swansong† or the unjust imprisonment of Reuben Carter, in â€Å"Hurricane† are far more powerful than mere words can ever be. Video extracts of Christopher’s work have been used to reinforce talks about human rights abuse. In the 1970’s the focus for Bruce was South America and Pinochet’s bloody coup against the elected Allende government in Chile. He was deeply moved on the meeting of Joan Jara, who was tortured and murdered by Pinochets forces. This meeting lead him to choreograph, Ghost Dances. He took the theme of the day of the dead, simple symbolism and indigenous dance movements as a basis to convey the plight of the innocent people of South American down the ages and their courage in the face of adversity. Certainly, Ghost Dances has a tremendous impact and audiences in many countries have delighted in its distinctive, rhythmic movement performed to haunting American tunes. However, it is the representation of the oppression of ordinary people, symbolised by the sinister ghost figures, which give the work much of its resonance. On the evidence of ghost dances, swansong, and cruel garden  (about the death of Lorca at the hands of the fascists in Spain), human rights themes have provided him with a strong source of inspiration. He remains a passionate advocate for the role of dance and the arts in society and believes that seeing good work and the chance to perform, either as an amateur or a professional, an not only enrich lives, but can also be civilising influence. Ghost dances It was created in 1981, and was influenced by the political oppression in Chile. The style was contemporary ballet blended with South American folk dance. The setting of Ghost Dances is a rocky Andean location suggesting the mouth of a cave. The colours (blue’s, greens and greys) of the backdrop were very effective and complimented the costumes and movement by adding to the eerie atmosphere. The whole stage was lit by a dim white light. The ‘dead’ wear everyday clothes, which are beginning to disintegrate. The Ghost Dancers appear as skeletal figures in striking skull masks. The piece is accompanied by Andiean folk music, with panpipes, guitars, and flutes. The tune is infectious, rhythmic and tuneful. The style of the choreography is sinuous and graceful, incorporating folk-dance influences. The Ghost dancers style of dance differs to the style of the ‘dead’. The Ghost dancers use very off balanced and angular Movements, there heads are the main key I think to making their dancing look as threatening as it does, they move them very quickly and sharply in unison and it creates a very menacing effect. The ‘dead’, on the other hand are very free flowing and graceful, their posture is very open chested and balletic with very neat but complex footwork. I loved this piece and the skills used to perform it. The fluid motion alongside traditional Chilean folkdance was original and inspiring to watch, it was a very moving piece and had a big impact on me because of the real life issues behind it. Swansong This piece was created in 1987 and was influenced by the fate of political  prisoners, the style was contemporary ballet and the prisoner’s movements were based on the idea of a swan. The piece is generally based around the fate of political prisoners and their need to break free. Swansong is a deliberately disturbing dance showing a victim being tortured by a variety of means, although there is no actual violence on stage. It shows both the aggressive and sadistic element of interrogation, and how brainwashing, humiliation and playing with emotions can all be part of a long, nerve- racking game. In combining vaudevillian humour, balletic virtuosity, and contempory dance expressionism with such a serious theme, he seeks to create work that can be appreciated at a number of levels by a broad audience. The three dancers are costumed archetypally and very much resembled the set, it was all very simplistic, with the prisoner in just a plain t-shirt and jeans and the two guards a re wearing vaguely militaristic khaki trousers and short- sleeved shirts could be viewed as policemen, soldiers, or guards. Programme notes have tended neither to give names to the characters nor to specify roles – choosing instead to simply list the cast and allow audiences to make their own interpretation. The prisoner uses a very graceful and flowing style of dance whilst in contrast the two guards dance in a modern, camp manner, highlighting even more the separation and difference between the guards and prisoner. The simplicity of the staging and ambiguity of the characters lends weight to its universality. The action could be taking place anywhere in the world. The stage is dark and bare with the exception of a single wooden chair lit starkly from above, indicating perhaps a single bulb-hanging overhead in an otherwise empty room. There are seven sections in swansong; each has a different theme and style.  ·Section 1, questions and answers. Throughout the first section the dance suggests the interrogators and victim playing a game of cat and mouse, the dance changing from trios to brief duets and solo’s. in the duets the interrogators dance in unison, performing the same material one after the other or slightly varying the steps to attack their victim.  ·Section 2, tea for two. The section section begins with another interrogation session during which the second interrogator walks round his seated victim, and this time the victim taps out ‘answers’ but in a defiant  mood. The interrogators change tatics.  ·Section 3, first solo. The third section is a solo for the victim alone on the stage and it is more lyrical both in music and movement than the proceding sections. It contrasts with the torture previously shown, appearing to be a cry of frustration and anger at the victim’s situation as well as evoking his urge for freedom.  ·Section 4, slow trio. The victim immediately tenses and flinches as the first interrogator reaches towards him, and then relaxes when he is not harmed. No questions are asked. Again the opening sequence is performed twice but at the end of the chair is moved so that the victim cannot return to it. This becomes a recurring theme of this dance; the victims chair is repeatedly pulled away from under him or placed just beyond his reach. He is pushed and thrown around, the effect of the violence is in slow motion. The victim curls defensively on the floor and is uncurled by the second interrogator and the torture continues.  ·Section 5, second solo without accompaniment. Although this section repeats dance motifs from the first solo such as the jumps and arabesques suggestive of flight, it is generally more mimetic. The victim lifts the chair onto his back to make it appear he is carrying a huge weight on his shoulders. He then stands facing the audience staring through the bars of the chair, then he appears to crumble in frustration and the solo ends with his ankles trapped in the bars of the chair as if fetted.  ·Section 6, cane dance. The progression of the piece shows a build up of abuse and humility of the prisoner till the final section where the prisoner performs his last solo, his ‘swansong’. Rooster This piece was created in 1992 and in contrast to my other two chosen pieces  is influenced by the Rolling stones; the dance is based on the theme and context of the music. It is danced in a contemporary ballet style blended with modern dance to match the music. The set is a clear stage with naturalistic lighting and a white spotlight. The women wear black skirts, tops and tights and the men wear black trousers and a skirt, a red dress is worn only in one number and that is ‘ruby Tuesday’. The whole piece is danced to rolling stones music ranging from upbeat fast and rocky numbers to slower more relaxed music. The theme of each song in ‘rooster’ reflects the character that is dancing it, none of the dances are linked, and each section occurs simply because of the different songs that are used, this helps to create an episodic structure. The tempo of the music dictates the style of dance; the faster tracks are modern and contemporary whilst the slower ones are more balletic. This piece does not present a great deal of emotional involvment with the audience; it is simply based on the theme and context of the music. You can see this by the fact that the dancers, the style of dance and the music purely dictate the song. A Time line of dance works which have been choreographed and produced by Christopher Bruce  ·1969 George Frederic  ·1972 ‘†¦for those who die as cattle’  ·1974 Weekend  ·1975 Ancient voices of children  ·1976 Black Angels  ·1976 Promenade  ·1977 Cruel Garden  ·1981 Village Sounds  ·1981 Ghost Dances  ·1984 Sergeant early’s dream  ·1984 Intimate Pages  ·1985 Silence is the end of our song  ·1985 Land  ·1987 The dream is over  ·1987 Swansong  ·1989 Symphony in three movements  ·1990 Journey  ·1992 Rooster  ·1995 Meeting point Section B Producing our own piece of choreography in the style of Christopher Bruce in groups. How has the work of the choreographer influenced and inspired my own performance and choreography? I chose Christopher Bruce because of the influences behind his choreography, the real life human rights issues that through symbolism he has transferred this into dance. He has successfully brought more awareness to serious issues that most people would not be aware of because it is not going on in  this country. The fact that this affects Bruce personally is very inspiring, as his pieces have real meaning and thought behind them. The three works by Christopher Bruce that I have chosen to study are ‘ghost dancers’ and ‘swansong’ because of the political human rights issues that influenced them and ‘rooster’ because it was a contrast to the other two as its influence was the celebration of the Rolling Stones music. I thought these pieces complimented each other well to evaluate as each bears a large variation of accessible motifs, images and sequences of movement that I could re- interpret in my choreography in the style of Christopher Bruce. As it gave me the opportunity to analyse a variety of influences and issues behind the three pieces. Choreographic notes We choreographed a piece for a trio in the style of ‘rooster’. The set was clear other than three chairs that were used within the dance. We were dressed all in black and wore red scarfs round our necks. The lighting of the set was dark red.

Sonoma State University Admissions Information

Sonoma State University Admissions Information Accepted students at Sonoma State University generally have C averages or better in their high school coursework. Applicants will need to submit, along with high school transcripts, scores from the SAT or ACT. With an acceptance rate of 76  percent, the school is largely accessible, and applicants with solid grades and test scores within or above the ranges posted below have a good chance of being accepted. Be sure to visit Sonoma States website for more information, and to start an application. Calculate your chances of getting in  with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Sonoma State University Acceptance Rate: 76  percentSonoma State GPA, SAT and ACT Score GraphTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 440 / 540SAT Math: 440 / 540​What these SAT numbers meanCompare Cal State SAT ScoresACT Composite: 19  / 24ACT English: 18 / 24ACT Math: 18  / 24What these ACT numbers meanCompare Cal State ACT Scores Sonoma State Description Sonoma State Universitys 269-acre campus is located 50 miles north of San Francisco in some of Californias best wine country. The school owns two nature preserves that provide research opportunities for students in the natural sciences. Sonoma States schools of Arts and Humanities, Business and Economics, and Social Sciences are all extremely popular among undergraduates. The university offers 45 bachelors degree programs and 16 masters programs. In athletics, the Sonoma State Seawolves compete in the NCAA Division II  California Collegiate Athletic Association. Sonoma State is one of the  23 Cal State schools. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 9,323  (8,631 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 37  percent male / 63 percent female90 percent full-time Costs (2016 -17) Tuition and Fees: $7,388 (in-state); $18,548 (out-of-state)Books: $1,790 (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,146Other Expenses: $2,854Total Cost: $25,178 (in-state); $36,338 (out-of-state) Sonoma State Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 72  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 62 percentLoans: 46  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $7,430Loans: $5,717 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice Studies, English, Environmental Studies, Health and Physical Education, History, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Psychology, Sociology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 80  percentTransfer Out Rate: 6 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 28 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 61  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Basketball, Golf, Baseball, Tennis, SoccerWomens Sports:  Basketball, Softball, Soccer, Golf, Volleyball, Water Polo, Track and Field Admissions Profiles for Other Cal State Campuses Bakersfield  | Channel Islands  | Chico  | Dominquez Hills  | East Bay  | Fresno State  | Fullerton  | Humboldt  | Long Beach  | Los Angeles  | Maritime  | Monterey Bay  | Northridge  | Pomona (Cal Poly)  | Sacramento  | San Bernardino  | San Diego  | San Francisco  | San Jose State  | San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly)  | San Marcos  | Sonoma State  | Stanislaus More California Public University Information SAT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsACT Score Comparison for Cal State SchoolsThe University of California SystemSAT Score Comparison for the UC SystemACT Score Comparison for the UC System Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Good Eating essays

Good Eating essays Everyone has heard the adage "you are what you eat," but what does this saying truly mean? For one to be in good health, he or she needs to put good, nutritious food into his or her body that supplies them with lasting energy. Unfortunately, obesity is a pandemic that has swept across the United States, and the media's perpetual spotlight on the matter has made it a concern for the populace. Some critics believe that it is not the responsibility of the eater. We must propose the question, who is to blame? Do we sympathize with the working man and the poor who are unable to afford healthy foods by placing blame on corporations, do we take responsibility for our own health habits, or do we let others such as the government take the blame? In most cases, the person who is truly at fault when it comes to the topic of obesity and weight is the eater because he or she is the one making the conscious decision of what to eat. However, there are other cases. Sometimes there is not much one can do when they are living paycheck to paycheck in a low-income community, so they may need some help in order Obesity has even reached children proving that no one no matter what age, no one is safe from this disease. Other health problems arise when one is overweight such as diabetes, and, "According to the National Institutes of Health, Type 2 diabetes accounts for at least 30 percent of all new childhood cases of diabetes in this country" (Zinczenko 154). In his article "Don't Blame the Eater," David Zinczenko argues that the fast-food industry is contributing to the overwhelming percentage of childhood obesity in the United States. He observes that there are not any healthy alternatives for children and teens to take, so the only option they are left with is cheap and calorie infested fast foods. The blame is being put on corporations because fast-food patrons do not know exactly what they are putting...

Alice Walker Everyday Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alice Walker Everyday Use - Essay Example However, a deeper reading makes it clear that becoming â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kimanjo† is actually a rejection of her roots. The name ‘Dee,’ which has passed down to her through the generations of her family, is more a part of her true heritage than the alien African name she has adopted (Hoel, Para. 17). â€Å"She’s dead,† she says of the old Dee (Walker, Para. 27). Dee â€Å"had hated the house† of her childhood (Walker, Para 10). Dee takes pictures of her mother and sister as if they were curiosities and includes the house and a cow, but not herself. She does not see herself as a part of their world. She takes the churner top and dasher, not as treasured parts of her past life, but as â€Å"mere things or aestheticized objects† (Whitsitt, 8), to be flaunted as artistic curios. Similarly, her desire for the quilts has â€Å"nothing to do with traditions, only with fashion† (Hoel, Para. 16). She desires them as fashion statemen ts and as hand-stitched antiques of considerable monetary value. Dee’s rejection of her family and her contempt for their way of life is a definite denial of her heritage. The modest, stay-at-home Maggie, when compared with the attractive, successful Dee, is not impressive. However, it is Maggie who, like her mother, has â€Å"an inherent understanding of heritage based on her love and respect for those who came before her† (White, Para. 3). To Maggie, the articles of their household are not inanimate objects of idealized art, or curios, but are valued as treasured links â€Å"which represent history and tradition, binding women and men to the past and the past to the present† (Whitsitt, 2). Maggie knows that â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband whittled the dash† (Walker, Para.52). Although she shares Dee’s estimate of the quilts, â€Å"But they’re priceless† (Walker, Para. 68), their value to her is based on her love of the people who made them.

Business operations of American airlines and British airways Essay

Business operations of American airlines and British airways - Essay Example Airlines today operate in a competitive global environment, where every minute there are thousands of take-offs and landings across the world. International airlines like British Airways and American Airlines, which have dominated the skies for many decades now, operate with minimum possible margins, use innovative measures to keep their competitive edge over others, manage operations with hectic minute to minute schedules, somehow retain their trained manpower in this expanding aviation sector and still stay afloat to perform better in the next year. All these aspects require herculean efforts from the HR, operations and executive management where one adverse report or an accident/incident can permanently damage to the reputation of an airline and throw it off the markets in matter of months. American Airlines, the world’s largest airline is a fully owned subsidiary of AMR Corporation founded in 1934, based in Texas and operates a passenger airline within North America, the Caribbean, Latin America, Europe and Asia. With about 86,600 employees on its payroll, the airline covers 250 destinations and also operates air freight service. The AMR Company also connects America’s eight important cities to smaller destinations throughout the US, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean through two subsidiaries with other names of American Eagle and American Connection. As on Dec 06, AMR’s fleet included 697 American Airlines aircraft and 306 American Eagle aircraft. AMR Company with over 4000 daily flights contributes $ 150 billion to US economy and holds 17.8% market share. In 2006, the airline carried over 98 million passengers. On an average day, American Airlines alone will:1 Fly about 270,000 passengers Receive more than 220,000 reservations calls. Handle more than 344,000 pieces of luggage. American's award winning website provides customers with all possible facilities at the click of a button including online reservations, news, destination information and assistance, connections with other airlines and various other offers. Financial Position: Year Revenue Profit/Loss 2006 $22.56 billion $231 million 2005 $20.71 billion - $861 million 2004 $18.65 billion - $761 million 2003 $17.44 billion - $1.23 billion 2002 $17.30 billion - $3.51 billion 2 AIRLINE PROFILE - BRITISH AIRWAYS British Airways is the leading international airline from the United Kingdom, and one of the largest airlines with a great reputation in the market. The airlines has its bases at Heathrow and Gatwick, London, and the airline is the flag carrier of the UK. With about 48070 employees on the payroll, the Company also operates a worldwide air cargo business along with its scheduled passenger services. As in Mar 07, the company operates to about 147 destinations in 75 countries and carried over 33 million passengers during previous year. BA has holdings in many international airlines and business partnerships with many other airlines from various countries creating 'Oneworld' alliance. It aims to be a transnational airline. Financial Performance:3 Year 2006 2005 2004 2001 2000 Net Operating revenues* 7,813 7,560 7,688 8,340 9,278 Net Profit* 251 130 72 -142 114 * in million(s) of Pound Sales per Geographical Area United Kingdom 49 Europe: 63% Americas: 20% Rest of the World: 17% Areas data as of 31/03/2007 Considering importance of new technologies available for consumers at the click of a button, BA also has a well developed internet site offering various attractive services to its customers besides online reservations. IMPACT OF LIBERALIZED ECONOMY AND AVIATION SECTOR Recently, a study was conducted to study impact of liberalization of economy and aviation sectors on the airlines performance which came out with astounding results.